1.3 Computer Components(计算机组件)
计算机组件主要包括:
Mainboard/System board(主板),Memory(内存),CPU(中央处理器),Video adapter(视频适配器),Hard disk(硬盘),Multimedia(多媒体)。
1.3.1 System Board(主板)
System boards are almost as important as CPUs in computer system. If a CPU were a heart or a brain,a system board would be a blood vessel or nerve system. A CPU controlls and manages the whole system with the help of a system board.
A system board actually is the largest circuit board among computer components. There are many electronic elements, sockets, slots, and connects on it,which link CPU with peripherals together.
在计算机系统中,主板几乎和CPU一样重要。如果CPU是心脏或大脑,那么主板则是血管或神经系统。CPU必须在主板的帮助下来控制和管理整个系统。
主板实际上是计算机部件中最大的电路板。在它上面,有许多元件、插座、插槽和接插件,它能把CPU和外围设备连接在一起。
Key words:system board(主板),circuit board(电路板),socket(插座),slot(插槽),peripheral(外围设备)
常见的主板品牌:华硕(ASUS)、技嘉(GIGABYTE)、微星(msi)、映泰(BIOSTAR)、华擎(Asrock)、精英(ECS)、七彩虹(Colorful)、昂达(ONDA)、梅捷(SOYO)、英特尔(Intel)等。
PCI:Peripheral Component Interconnect外围组件互联(一种局部总线标准)
PCIE:PCI Express 高速的PCI
USB:Universal Serial Bus 英特尔公司开发的通用串行总线架构
IDE:Integrate Circuit Equipment 集成电路设备
AGP:Accelerated Graphics Port 高速图形接口
1.3.2 Memory(内存)
Your personal computer comes with a minimum of 8 gigabytes of memory or even more, depending on your system.
System memory is located on chips inside the computer,and is measured in bytes(the amount of storage needed to hold one character).
There are categories of system memory: Read Only Memory (ROM), and Random Access Memory(RAM). ROM contains programs and data that never change. This is the memory that initializes the computer when it is turned on. The information contained in ROM is permanent, and is not lost when the computer is turned off. By contrast, RAM is temporary storage for programs and data while they are being used by the computer. RAM is contained in memory components called Single Inline Memory Modules or SIMMs. It is volatile memory, which means that to retain its contents,it must be constantly refreshed by an electrical current.
个人计算机一般都带有8GB甚至更大的内存,具体的内存量视系统而定。
系统内存位于机器内部的集成电路芯片中,其容量以字节度量(一个字节也就是存储一个字符所占用的存储空间)。
系统内存可分为两类:只读存储器(ROM)及随机存储器(RAM)。ROM用以存储固定的程序和数据。计算机开机后,ROM中的程序负责对系统进行初始化。ROM中的信息是永久性的,即使计算机关机后也不会丢失。相比之下,RAM则是用于暂时存储计算机正在使用的程序和数据的。RAM位于叫作内存条(SIMM)的存储部件中。RAM是易失性的,也就是说,为了保持其中的内容,必须由电信号经常进行刷新。
Key words:gigabyte(吉字节),byte(字节),character(字符),ROM(只读存储器),RAM(随机存储器),initialize(初始化),turn on(开机),turn off(关机),SIMM(内存条),refresh(刷新)
ValueRAM DDR3 1333台式机内存
DIMM(Dual In-line Memory
常见的内存厂商:金士顿(Kingston)、威刚(ADATA)、海盗船(CORSAIR)、三星(Samsung)、宇瞻(Apacer)、芝奇(G.SKILL)、十铨(TEAM)、海力士(HYNIX)、英睿达(CRUCIAL)、金邦科技(GEIL)等。
Notes
SIMM:Single In-line Memory Module,指72线的内存条,数据通道宽度为32位,带有奇偶校验的则为36位,通常使用DRAM;也有的SIMM使用SDRAM,其速度比DRAM类型的更快,但由于其数据宽度为64位,需成对使用。另外,目前多使用线的内存条,称为DIMM(Dual In-line Memory Module),其数据宽度是64位,一条DIMM内存条相当于两条SIMM,所以可单条使用。
1.3.3 CPU(Central Processing Unit,中央处理器)
The CPU means the central processing unit. It is the heart of the computer system. The CPU in a microcomputer is actually one relatively small integrated circuit or chip. Although most CPU chips are smaller than a lens of a pair of glasses, the electronic components they contain would have filled a room a few decades ago. Using advanced microelectronics techniques,manufacturers can cram tens of thousands of circuits into tiny layered silicon chips that work dependably and use less power.
This is where all calculations and manipulations of the data are carried out: it could be considered the“brain” of the computer. The CPU is contained on a tiny integrated circuit or “microchip” that carries a large number of minute electronic circuits.
There are three main areas in the CPU: the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and the main storage of “memory”.
CPU就是中央处理器的意思。它是计算机的心脏。微型计算机上的CPU实际上是一个不大的集成电路芯片。虽然大多数CPU芯片比一块眼镜片还小,但在几十年前,它们所容纳的电子元器件能装满一个房间。然而,采用先进的微电子技术,制造者们能够把成千上万个电子元件集成到很小很薄的硅片上,这些硅片的工作性能可靠且不费电。
中央处理器是执行数据操作和运算的地方,它可以被看成计算机的大脑。中央处理器装在一个极小的集成电路或微集成电路里。这个微集成电路装有大量的极小的电子电路。
中央处理器有3个主要区域:控制部件、算术逻辑部件及主存储器。
Key words:integrated circuit(集成电路),control unit(控制单元),ALU(运算器)
AMD is another CPU brand, which has become very important. Their Pentium-like chips offered Intel tight competition. AMD used their own technologies, hence they are not clones.
常见的CPU生产厂商:英特尔公司(Intel)、超微半导体公司(AMD)、龙芯(LOONGSON)。
Notes
CPU:Central Processing Unit,中央处理器,在大型计算机上CPU是由主存储器、控制部件、算术逻辑部件等若干单元电路板构成的。在个人计算机上,CPU是集成于一块芯片上的,称作微处理器(microprocessor或processor)。通常,CPU和microprocessor或processor可以互换使用。CPU主要有两大部分:算术—逻辑部件(Arithmetic Logic Unit,ALU)负责算术及逻辑运算;控制部件(Control Unit)负责指令的存取、解码及执行。
1.3.4 Video Adapter(视频适配器)
Video adapters are also called video cards,video boards, video display boards, graphics cards,and graphics adapters.
Video adapter is a board that plugs into a personal computer to give it display capabilities.The display capabilitiy of a computer, however,depends on both the logical circuitry (provided in the video adapter) and the display monitor. A monochrome monitor, for example, cannot display colors no matter how powerful the video adapter is.
Many different types of video adapters are available for PCs. Most conform to one of the video standards defined by IBM or VESA.
Modern video adapters contain memory, so that the computer’s RAM is not used for storing displays. In addition, most adapters have their own graphics coprocessor for performing graphics calculations. These adapters are often called graphics accelerators.
视频适配器又叫显卡、视频板、视频显示板、图形卡或图形适配器。
视频适配器是为个人计算机提供显示功能的一块插板。当然,计算机要有显示功能必须同时具备(视频适配器提供的)逻辑电路和显示器。例如,无论视频适配器功能多强大,一个黑白显示器终究还是不能显示彩色的图形。
许多不同类型的视频适配器都是与PC兼容的。绝大多数都遵循由IBM或VESA(视频电子标准协会)制定的视频标准。
现在的视频适配器都有自己的内存,因此计算机的内存就不用存储显示内容了。另外,许多适配器还有了自己的图形协处理器,用以执行图形计算,这些适配器通常被称为图形加速器。
Key words:video adapter(视频适配器),video card(显卡),graphics card(显卡),logical circuitry(逻辑电路),monochrome monitor(单色显示器),coprocessor(协处理器),graphics accelerator(图形加速器)
常见显卡品牌:七彩虹(Colorful)、蓝宝石(Sapphire)、影驰(GALAXY)、华硕(ASUS)、微星(msi)、技嘉(GIGABYTE)、铭瑄(MAXSUN)、迪兰(Dataland)、索泰(ZOTAC)、丽台(Leadtek)等。
Video Card
1.3.5 Hard Disk(硬盘)
The hard disk drive in your system is the “data center” of the PC. It is here that all of your programs and data are stored between the occasions that you use the computer. Your hard disk (or disks) are the most important ones of the various types of permanent storage used in PCs (the others being floppy disks and other storage media such as CD-ROMs, tapes,removable drives, etc.) The hard disk differs from the
others primarily in three ways: size (usually larger),speed (usually faster) and permanence (usually fixed in the PC and not removable).
A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently.Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder.
With the development of technology, Solid State Drives(SSD)arises at the historic moment. A solid-state drive is a data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSDs have no moving mechanical components. This distinguishes them from traditional electromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or floppy disks. SSDs have the same function, definition and method of use as Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Compared with HDDs, SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run silently, and have lower access time and lower latency,lower noise performance, handiness, wide temperature sensitive and so on. But SSDs are expensive. They have relative smaller capacity and shorter lifespan. At present, the mechanical hard disk storage capacity can reach T level. But now the mainstream capacity of SSD is 120G or 240G.of course.there are also 500G.of course, SSDs have the capacity of 1T, but the high price is not acceptable to ordinary users.
个人计算机的硬盘是整个系统的“数据中心”,它是存储计算机中所有程序和数据的地方。硬盘在PC所使用的各种永久性存储器中(如光盘、磁带、移动驱动器等)是最重要的一种。它的主要不同之处在于3个方面:容量(通常更大),速度(通常更快)和固定性(通常被固定在PC中而不能移动)。
一个硬盘通常有多个盘片。每个盘片又有两个读/写磁头,一面一个。所有的读/写磁头都被固定在一个磁头臂上,因此它们不能各自独立地移动。每个盘片都有相同数量的磁道,所有盘片的(与其垂直相切的)同一磁道位置构成一个柱面。
随着技术的发展,固态硬盘(简称固盘)应运而生。固态硬盘是用固态电子存储芯片阵列而制成的存储设备。固态硬盘没有移动的机械磁头,这是它们和传统的机械磁盘如HDD和软盘的区别。固态硬盘与机械硬盘有相同的功能、定义和使用方法。与普通硬盘相比,固态硬盘抗震性能好,功耗低,反应快,读写速度快,无噪声,轻便,工作温度范围大等特点,但价格昂贵,容量相对较小,使用寿命要短些。目前机械硬盘存储容量能达到T级别,而现在固态硬盘的主流容量是120G或者240G,当然也有500G。当然,固态硬盘也有1T容量的,但是那高高在上的价格是一般用户接受不了的。
Hard Disk
SSD
常见硬盘品牌:希捷(Seagate)、西部数据(Western Digital)、日立(Hitachi)、三星(SAMSUNG)、东芝(TOSHIBA)、联想(ThinkPad)、IBM、富士通(FUJITSU)、英特尔(Intel)、英睿达(Crucial)、金士顿(Kingston)等。
Key words: hard disk(磁盘),data center(数据中心),permanent storage(永久性存储器),floppy disk(软磁盘),CD-ROM(只读光盘),tape(磁带),access(存取),track(磁轨),cylinder(柱面)
1.3.6 Multimedia(多媒体)
Probably, several years ago, you may say proudly: “I’ve got a multimedia computer”. Actually you meant that you had a wonderful multi-function PC. You can not only process files or data, but furthermore can listen to music, watch cartoons, play games or even talk to the computer.That's the idea of the buzzword multimedia. Now it has been the basic technology adopted on every computer.
In fact, multimedia is a kind of technology, or more accurately a combination of technologies. It’s not a simple product, like your computer. It involves text,audio sound, static graphic images, animations, and full-motion video.Multimedia may use some or all of these aspects of communication. Text in a multimedia application makes it more understandable, and can display information related to a certain topic. Animation refers to moving graphics images, which is more vivid to illustrate concepts concerning movements than static graphics images, which provide many “still pictures”.Audio sound can be of several formats: Windows wave file, Musical Instrument Digital Interface, or MIDI for short. Full-motion video refers to the video got from an external input, like a video camera, and stored on the hard disk. It adds powerful message to multimedia application. These are the basic elements of multimedia.Every combination of two or more elements makes a multimedia application.
也许几年前,你可以骄傲地说:“我有一台多媒体计算机。”因为你不但可以进行文本、数据处理,还可以听音乐、看动画、玩游戏,甚至可以进行人机对话。的确,计算机为你提供了多功能享受,这就是流行词“多媒体”背后的概念。现在多媒体技术已经普遍成为计算机的基本配置。
多媒体实际上是一种技术,更准确地说是多种技术的综合,而非产品,比如你的家用计算机。它是文本、声音、静态图像、动画和全运动图像的集成。多媒体可以部分或全部地使用这些交流方式。多媒体中的文本使其更容易理解,并且能显示与主题相关的信息。动画指移动图像,它比只提供静止图片的静态图像更能生动地说明与运动相关的概念。声音可以是几种不同的格式,如Windows声波文件、乐器数字接口(MIDI)。全运动图像是指通过外部输入,如摄像机,并存储在硬盘上的图像。它给多媒体应用增加了非常丰富的信息。这些就是多媒体的基本组成要素,凡具备两种或两种以上要素的就是多媒体。
Key words:multimedia(多媒体),technology(技术),product(产品,产物),application(应用,应用程序,应用软件),animation(动画),graphics image(图形图像),picture(图画),audio(音频n,声音的adj),sound(声音),MIDI(数码音响),video(视频n,影像的adj),video camera(视频照相机)
多媒体外部设备如下。
视频、音频输入设备:摄像机(vidicon)、录像机(video cassette recorder)、扫描仪(scanner)、传真机(electrograph)、数字相机(figure camera)、话筒(mike)等。
人机交互设备:键盘(keyboard)、鼠标(mouse)、触摸屏(touch screen)、绘图板(drawing table)、光笔(lightpen)及手写输入设备(input equipment)等。