第三节梅勒小说与20世纪美国_诺曼·梅勒小说对美国形象的解构与建构研究-QQ阅读男生玄幻网

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第三节梅勒小说与20世纪美国

一梅勒的道德意识与其小说创作

梅勒的道德意识与其小说创作之间的关系非常密切。莱昂·布劳迪认为：“梅勒小说[创作]的主要任务是探讨人的性格的缺陷与美。在梅勒眼中，个人性格所受的公众的和私人的压力同时存在。”[418]布劳迪指出，梅勒认为“小说应该具有改变读者生活的潜力”，而“这种对艺术力量的信仰一直是梅勒从事创作的推动力”[419]。劳拉·亚当斯认为，梅勒在《为我自己做广告》中表明的写作目的——“在我们时代的意识中发起一场革命”——“表明了他的信仰，即作家特别是小说家拥有足够的迫使他所处社会改变方向的力量”[420]。罗伯特·所罗塔洛夫认为：“梅勒[创作]的根本目的，是探究美国人的心理中心，并报道他的发现。”[421]戴安娜·特里林在其论文《诺曼·梅勒的激进道德主义》中说过这样一段话：

那么多道德肯定伴随着那么多道德无政府主义；那么多天真，却又那么多狡诈；那么多防御性的小心谨慎，却又那么多轻率的粗心大意；那么多绝望跟随着那么迫切的拯救要求；不仅有那么强烈的领袖人物感人的超凡魅力的刺激，也有那么多引起愤怒甚至让人反感的东西；那么多智力活动，但不健全思维却又那么频繁；有如此伟大的男子汉的英雄主义冲动，但自我约束力却又如此不足；如此敏感，但情感却又如此之少；想象如此丰富，但艺术却又如此不足。这样的矛盾无疑增加了梅勒的吸引力，但也导致了他的局限性……在他的矛盾总和中，他与当今美国有着惊人的相似。[422]

戴安娜·特里林指出：“梅勒深切关注这样一种思想：在杀戮政治反动之前，现代平民有可能被迫放弃他的尊严、自由与人性，如果脱离这一点，就不能准确理解梅勒的作品。”[423]她还指出：“梅勒把自己看作一个对抗恶意的反动权威的英雄，这种自我观赋予他虚构想象的力量。”[424]她探讨了梅勒小说中的道德主题嬗变，认为《裸者与死者》结尾处，小说的道德中心发生了转移，如她所说：“小说接近尾声时，克罗夫特（Croft）不再是一个恶棍，他在作者的同情中占据了我们认为霍恩（Hearn）应该占据的位置。这种道德中心的有趣转移增加了小说的虚构兴趣。”[425]她指出，从第二部作品开始，梅勒的道德关注发生了变化。她认为：“第二部作品的出版标志着梅勒创作生涯的一个转折点”，因为“从此开始，梅勒不再从政治中寻求拯救，而是转向了别处——嬉皮主义……嬉皮主义是一种美国式的存在主义，旨在回归人的宇宙中心地位，使个人与自我及其需要进行直接交流。这种信仰能让梅勒超越政治经济决定论而在更深层次上探讨现代社会”[426]。她也探讨了《鹿苑》中梅勒的性书写与其道德意识之间的关系，指出“梅勒区分了影视明星团的性与嬉皮主义的性之间的不同：前者看似自由实则是一种奴役，后者则表达了一种新的激进的自我原则，二者的区别不在行为，而在意识”[427]。劳拉·亚当斯也注意到梅勒第四部长篇小说《一场美国梦》中的道德关注，认为“梅勒把《一场美国梦》看成是一本‘让一个国家看清自己’的书”[428]。

事实上，梅勒的道德意识不仅仅体现在特里林和亚当斯所提及的这几部小说中，他的道德意识贯穿于他小说创作的始末，使得他的小说创作从未放过美国社会、政治和文化生活中与人类道德紧密相关的任何现象和事件，因为他要努力让他的所有小说都成为让美国“看清自己”的书。

二梅勒小说与20世纪美国

梅勒的道德意识使其小说创作紧跟美国的社会、政治、历史和文化变迁。历时地看，梅勒小说与20世纪美国紧密相关：《裸者与死者》与“二战”美国相关；《巴巴里海滨》和《鹿苑》与20世纪50年代的美国相关；《一场美国梦》和《我们为什么在越南？》与20世纪60年代的美国相关；《刽子手之歌》与20世纪70年代的美国相关；《硬汉子不跳舞》与20世纪80年代的美国相关；《哈洛特的幽魂》与“冷战”美国相关；《儿子的福音》与基督教美国相关；《林中城堡》以隐喻方式再现了20世纪的美国。事实上，通过在《裸者与死者》《巴巴里海滨》《鹿苑》《一场美国梦》《我们为什么在越南？》《刽子手之歌》《硬汉子不跳舞》《哈洛特的幽魂》《儿子的福音》和《林中城堡》等小说中再现（或隐喻性再现）20世纪美国的社会、政治、历史和文化现象和重大事件，梅勒小说对美国形象进行了解构与建构；通过解构并建构美国形象，梅勒表明了他小说创作的道德价值取向。

梅勒小说创作以“强化人们的道德意识”为目的，从《裸者与死者》到《林中城堡》，每部小说都从不同角度对美国形象进行了解构与建构，解构并建构美国形象是梅勒小说创作和发展的原动力。梅勒小说关注当代美国重大社会、政治和文化现象与事件，每部小说通过再现自己时代美国社会、政治和文化生活中言与行之间的矛盾，解构了假面美国形象（宣称“自由、平等、博爱”），建构了真面美国形象（奉行“霸权、歧视、不平等”）。梅勒小说对美国形象的解构与建构体现了梅勒的道德意识和政治意识，体现了他对美国社会、政治和文化的深刻反思、对美国本质的清晰认识、对当代美国的批判和一定程度的不认同，体现了他扬善避恶、追求自由与平等、反对霸权和歧视的道德价值取向。梅勒小说对美国形象的解构与建构体现了梅勒小说创作的政治性和世界性：梅勒不仅关注美国社会问题，而且关注世界和平与人类自由；他通过小说创作不断对美国形象进行解构与建构，旨在让美国乃至世界看清美国的帝国主义和种族主义本质，从而批判并反抗美国破坏人类自由、平等与和平的各种霸权思想和歧视行为。

三本书研究的目的、对象与方法

本书研究拟结合梅勒小说创作的历史语境，以梅勒《为我自己做广告》《总统案卷》《食人者与基督徒》《存在主义差事》《诡秘的艺术：写作漫谈》《我们为什么进行战争？》和《论上帝：一次不寻常的谈话》等非虚构作品中有关人性、道德和当代美国社会、文化与政治的论述为依据，运用新历史主义、后殖民主义、女性主义和解构主义等文学批评方法以及文本细读法，从辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义角度全面深入地分析研究梅勒《裸者与死者》《巴巴里海滨》《鹿苑》《一场美国梦》《我们为什么在越南？》《刽子手之歌》《硬汉子不跳舞》《哈洛特的幽魂》《儿子的福音》和《林中城堡》等小说对美国形象的解构与建构及其道德价值取向。

[1] See J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.15；see also Mary V.Dearborn，Mailer：A Biography，Boston and New York：Houghton Mifflin Company，1999，p.18.

[2] See J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.27.

[3] 1941年4月，梅勒的短篇小说《世界上最伟大的事情》在《哈佛倡导者》发表并获《故事》杂志“第八届年度大学生竞赛一等奖”。对于获奖的具体时间，不同的梅勒传记有不同的说法。See Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.63；J.Michael Lennon and Donna Pedro Lennon，Norman Mailer：Works and Days，Shavertown，Pennsylvania：Sligo Press，2000，p.210；and Carl Rollyson，The Lives of Norman Mailer：A Biography，New York：Paragon House，1991，p.20.

[4] Mary V.Dearborn，Mailer：A Biography，Boston and New York：Houghton Mifflin Company，1999，p.63.

[5] J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.165.

[6] J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.246.

[7] See J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.584.

[8] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.5；see also Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p.5.

[9] J.Michael Lennon and Donna Pedro Lennon，Norman Mailer：Works and Days，Shavertown，Pennsylvania：Sligo Press，2000，p.xi.

[10] See The Norman Mailer Soceity，https：//normanmailersociety.org/about.

[11] Hilary Mills，Mailer：A Biography，New York，et al.：McGraw-Hill Book Company，1982，p.27.

[12] Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.2.

[13] Qtd.in J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.260.

[14] Robert Solotaroff，Down Mailer's Way，Urbana，Chicago and London：University of Illinois Press，1974，p.viii.

[15] Donald L.Kaufmann，“The Long Happy Life of Norman Mailer”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，p.351；see also Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.18.

[16] Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，p.5.

[17] Nathan A.Scott，Jr.，Three American Moralists：Mailer，Bellow，Trilling，Notre Dame & London：University of Notre Dame Press，1973，p.23.

[18] Qtd.in J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.26.

[19] Sam B.Girgus，The New Covenant：Jewish Writers and the American Idea，Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984，p.13.

[20] Qtd.in Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.13.

[21] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.35.

[22] Qtd.in J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.460.

[23] Qtd.in Mary V.Dearborn，Mailer：A Biography，Boston and New York：Houghton Mifflin Company，1999，p.8.

[24] Mary V.Dearborn，Mailer：A Biography，Boston and New York：Houghton Mifflin Company，1999，p.148.

[25] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.178.

[26] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.420.

[27] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.558.

[28] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.656.

[29] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.667.

[30] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.673.

[31] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.2.

[32] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.2.

[33] J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.344.

[34] J.Michael Lennon，Norman Mailer：A Double Life，New York，London，Toronto，Sydney，and New Delhi：Simon & Schuster，2013，p.351.

[35] Phillip Sipiora，Mind of an Outlaw，New York：Random House Trade Paperbacks，2013，p.xvii.

[36] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.1.See also Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p 1.本书在译文中补充的必要信息，都用中括号表示。

[37] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.2.See also Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p.2.

[38] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，pp.3-4.See also Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p.4.

[39] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，pp.5-6.See also Harold Bloom：“Introduction”，in Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p.6.

[40] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.11.

[41] See Norman Mailer，Cannibals and Christians，New York：The Dial Press，1966，p.5.

[42] See Norman Mailer，The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing，New York：Random House Inc.，2003，pp.161-162.

[43] Hilary Mills，Mailer：A Biography，New York，et al.：McGraw-Hill Book Company，1982，p.24.

[44] J.Michael Lennon and Donna Pedro Lennon，Norman Mailer：Works and Days，Shavertown，Pennsylvania：Sligo Press，2000，p.183.

[45] Qtd.in Mary V.Dearborn，Mailer：A Biography，Boston and New York：Houghton Mifflin Company，1999，p.8.

[46] Qtd.in Peter Manso，Mailer：His Life and Times，New York：Simon and Schuster，1985，p.667.

[47] Howard M.Harper，Concepts of Human Destiny in Five American Novelists：Bellow，Salinger，Mailer，Baldwin，Updike（Ph.D.dissertation，Pennsylvania State University，1964）.

[48] Donald L.Kaufmann，Norman Mailer from 1948-1963：The Sixth Mission（Ph.D.dissertation，University of Iowa，1966）.

[49] Barry H.Leeds，An Architecture to Eternity：The Structured Vision of Norman Mailer's Fiction（Ph.D.dissertation，Ohio University，1967）.

[50] Richard Jackson Foster，Norman Mailer，Minneapolis：University of Minnesota Press，1968.

[51] Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.vii.

[52] J.Michael Lennon and Donna Pedro Lennon，Norman Mailer：Works and Days，Shavertown，Pennsylvania：Sligo Press，2000，p.1.

[53] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.34-36.

[54] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.34-35.

[55] Richard Match，“Souls of Men Stripped by Battle and Boredom”，New York Herald Tribune Book Review，May 9，1948，p.3.

[56] John Lardner，“Pacific Battle，Good and Big”，New Yorker，May 15，1948，pp.115-117.

[57] Ira Wolfert，“War Novelist”，Nation，June 26，1948，p.722.

[58] Maxwell Geismar，“Nightmare on Anopopei”，Saturday Review，January 8，1949，pp.10-11.

[59] Charles B.Macdonald，“Novels of World War Ⅱ：The First Round”，Military Affairs，Vol.13，No.1，Spring 1949，pp.42-46.

[60] Burton Moore，“Three War Novels”，Chicago Review，Vol.3，No.1，March 1949，p.3.

[61] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.36-37.

[62] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.38-39.

[63] Sidney Alexander，“Not Even Good Pornography”，Reporter，October 20，1955，pp.46-48.

[64] Malcolm Cowley，“Mr.Mailer Tells a Tale of Love，Art，Corruption”，New York Herald Tribune Book Review，October 23，1955，p.5.

[65] Brendan Gill，“Small Trumpet”，New Yorker，October 25，1955，pp.161-162，165.

[66] Charles J.Rolo，“The Sex Haunted Wasteland”，Atlantic，November 1955，pp.97-98.

[67] William Pfaff，“The Writer as Vengeful Moralist”，Commonweal，December 2，1955，p.230.

[68] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.38.

[69] Chester E.Eisinger，“The American War Novel：An Affirming Flame”，Pacific Spectator，No.9，Summer 1955，pp.272-287.

[70] John T.Frederick，“Fiction of the Second World War”，The English Journal，Vol.44，No.8，November 1955，pp.451-458.

[71] Walter B.Rideout，The Radical Novel in the United States：1900-1954，Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1956，pp.270-273.

[72] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.41-42.

[73] Irving Howe，“Mass Society and Post-modern Fiction”，Partisan Review，Vol.26，No.3，Summer 1959，pp.420-436.

[74] Granville Hicks，“The Vision of Life Is His Own”，Saturday Review，November 7，1959，p.18.

[75] Alfred Kazin，“How Good Is Norman Mailer？”，Reporter，November 26，1959，pp.40-41.

[76] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.79-104.

[77] Herbert Goldstone，“The Novels of Norman Mailer”，The English Journal，Vol.45，No.3，March 1956，pp.113-121.

[78] Norman Podhoretz，“Norman Mailer：The Embattled Vision”，Partisan Review，Vol.26，No.3，Summer 1959，pp.371-391.

[79] Alfred Kazin，“The Alone Generation：A Comment on the Fiction of the Fifties”，Harper's，October 1959，pp.127-131.

[80] H.L.Leffelaar，“Norman Mailer in Chicago”，Litterair Paspoort，November 1959，pp.79-81.

[81] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.33-35.

[82] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.37-39.

[83] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.39-43.

[84] Gore Vidal，“The Norman Mailer Syndrome”，Nation，January 2，1960，pp.13-16.

[85] Paul Breslow，“The Hipster and the Radical”，Studies on the Left，Vol.1，Spring 1960，pp.102-105.

[86] F.W.Dupée，“The American Norman Mailer”，Commentary，February 1960，pp.128-132.

[87] James Finn，“The Virtues，Failures and Triumphs of an American Writer”，Commonweal，February 12，1960，pp.551-552.

[88] Leslie A.Fiedler，“Antic Mailer—Portrait of a Middle-aged Artist”，New Leader，June 25，1960，pp.23-24.

[89] Robert A.Bone，“Private Mailer RE-enlists”，Dissent，Autumn 1960，pp.389-394.

[90] Charles I.Glicksberg，“Norman Mailer：The Angry Young Novelist in America”，Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature，Vol.1，No.1，Winter 1960，pp.25-34.

[91] Irving Howe，“A Quest for Peril”，Partisan Review，Vol.27，No.1，Winter 1960，pp.143-148.

[92] James Baldwin，“The Black Boy Looks at the White Boy”，Esquire，May 1961，pp.102-106.

[93] Stuart Hampshire，“Mailer United”，New Statesman，October 13，1961，pp.515-516.

[94] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.44-45.

[95] Garry Wills，“The Art of Not Writing Novels”，National Review，January 14，1964，pp.31-33.

[96] Jonathan Miller，“Black-Mailer”，Partisan Review，Vol.31，No.1，Winter 1964，pp.103-107.

[97] Midge Decter，“Mailer's Campaign”，Commentary，February 1964，pp.83-85.

[98] Richard Gilman，“Why Mailer Wants to Be President”，New Republic，February 8，1964，pp.17-20，24.

[99] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.51-53.

[100] Raymond Rosenthal，“Mailer's Mafia：The Journalism of a Writer Who Is in Danger of Becoming His Audience”，Book Week，September 4，1966，pp.1，14.

[101] William E.Giles，“Mailer's Manner：Charm in a Raging Style”，National Observer，September 19，1966，p.25.

[102] John Wain，“Mailer's America”，New Republic，October 1，1966，pp.19-20.

[103] John W.Aldridge，“Victim and Analyst”，Commentary，October 1966，pp.131-133.

[104] T.B.Gilmore，“Fury of a Hebrew Prophet：Cannibals and Christians by Norman Mailer”，North American Review，No.251，No.6，November 1966，pp.43-44.

[105] Seymour Krim，“An Open Letter to Norman Mailer”，Evergreen Review，February 1967，pp.89-96.

[106] John Thompson，“Catching Up on Mailer”，New York Review of Books，April 20，1967，pp.14-16.

[107] William H.Pritchard，“Norman Mailer's Extravagances：Cannibals and Christians by Norman Mailer”，Massachusetts Review，Vol.8，Summer 1967，pp.562-568.

[108] Tony Tanner，“In the Lion's Den”，Partisan Review，No.34，Summer 1967，pp.465-471.

[109] Denise Donoghue，“O Mailer，O America”，The Listener，October 1，1967，pp.505-506.

[110] A.Alvarez，“Dr.Mailer，I Presume”，Observer，October 15，1967，p.27.

[111] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.53-54.

[112] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.62-63.

[113] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.46-50.

[114] John M.Muste，“Nightmarish Mailer”，Progressive，February 1965，pp.49-51.

[115] David Boroff，“‘American Dream’，A Demonic Fantasy，Shows Norman Mailer at His Worst”，National Observer，March 15，1965，p.20.

[116] Stanley Edgar Hyman，“Norman Mailer's Yummy Rump”，New Leader，March 15，1965，pp.16-17.

[117] John W.Aldridge，“The Big Comeback of Norman Mailer”，Life，March 19，1965，p.12.

[118] Joseph Epstein，“Norman X：The Literary Man's Cassius Clay”，New Republic，April 17，1965，pp.22-25.

[119] John William Corrington，“An American Dreamer”，Chicago Review，Vol.18，No.1，Summer 1965，pp.58-66.

[120] Richard Poirier，“Morbid-mindedness”，Commentary，June 1965，pp.91-94.

[121] Robert Dana，“The Harbors of the Moon：An American Dream by Norman Mailer”，North American Review，Vol.250，No.3，Fall 1965，pp.56-57.

[122] Mordecai Richler，“Norman Mailer”，Encounter，July 1965，pp.61-64.

[123] Alan Coren，“Portrait of the Artist as a Young Executive”，Atlas，August 1965，pp.110-112.

[124] Stephen Spender，“Mailer's American Melodrama”，in Robert M.Hutchins and Mortimer J.Adler，eds.，The Great Ideas Today，Chicago：Encyclopedia Brittanica，1965，pp.166-177.

[125] Tony Tanner，“The Great American Nightmare”，Spectator，April 29，1966，pp.530-531.

[126] Samuel Hux，“Mailer's Dream of Violence”，Minnesota Review，Vol.8，No.2，1968，pp.152-157.

[127] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.55-58.

[128] Raymond Rosenthal，“America's No.1 Disc Jockey”，New Leader，September 25，1967，pp.16-17.

[129] Sarel Eimerl，“Loaded for Bear”，Reporter，October 19，1967，pp.42-44.

[130] Charles T.Samuels，“The Novel，U.S.A.：Mailerrhea”，Nation，October 23，1967，pp.405-406.

[131] Christopher Lehmann-Haupt，“Norman Mailer as Joycean Punster and Manipulator of Language”，Commonweal，December 8，1967，pp.338-339.

[132] John W.Aldridge，“From Vietnam to Obscenity”，Harper's，February 1968，pp.91-97.

[133] Richard Lehan，“Fiction 1967”，Contemporary Literature，Vol.9，No.4，Autumn 1968，pp.538-553.

[134] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.58-62.

[135] Eliot Fremont-Smith，“Mailer on the March”，New York Times，April 26，1968，p.41.

[136] Harry S.Resnik，“Hand on the Pulse of America”，Saturday Review，May 4，1968，pp.25-26.

[137] Douglas M.Davis，“Mr.Mailer as a Comic Hero of Pentagon March”，National Observer，May 6，1968，p.21.

[138] Alfred Kazin，“The Trouble He's Seen”，New York Times Book Review，May 9，1968，pp.1-2，26.

[139] Leo Braudy，“Advertisements for a Dwarf Alter-ego”，New Journal，Vol.1，No.13，May 12，1968，pp.7-9.

[140] Lawrence Lipton，“Norman Mailer：Genius，Novelist，Critic，Playwright，Politico，Journalist，and General all-round shit”，Los Angeles Free Press，May 31，1968，pp.27-28.

[141] Josh Greenfield，“Lines Between Journalism and Literature Thin，Perhaps，But Distinct”，Commonweal，June 7，1968，pp.754-755.

[142] Richard Gilman，“What Mailer Has Gone”，New Republic，June 8，1968，pp.27-31.

[143] Richard Boston，“Heroes and Villains”，New Society，September 19，1968，pp.419-420.

[144] D.A.N.Jones，“Embattled Image”，The Listener，September 26，1968，pp.405-406.

[145] John Simon，“Mailer on the March：The Armies of the Night by Norman Mailer”，Hudson Review，Vol.21，Autumn 1968，pp.541-545.

[146] William Janeway，“Mailer's America”，Cambridge Review，November 26，1968，pp.183-185.

[147] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.80-104.

[148] Robert Gorham Davis，“Norman Mailer and the Trap of Egoism”，Story，Vol.33，Spring 1960，pp.117-119.

[149] Frederick J.Hoffman，“Norman Mailer and the Revolt of the Ego：Some Observations in Recent American Literature”，Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature，Vol.1，No.3，Autumn 1960，pp.5-12.

[150] Dwight Macdonald，“Our Far-flung Correspondents：Massachusetts vs.Mailer”，New Yorker，October 1960，pp.154-156，158，160-166.

[151] Charles I.Glicksberg，“Norman Mailer：The Angry Young Novelist in America”，Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature，Vol.1，No.1，Winter 1960，pp.25-34.

[152] George A.Schrader，“Norman Mailer and the Despair of Defiance”，Yale Review，No.51，December 1961，pp.267-280.

[153] H.Yamamoto，“The Realistic Consciousness of Norman Mailer”，American Literature Review（Tokyo），April 1961，pp.10-11.

[154] Bruce Cook，“Norman Mailer：The Temptation to Power”，Renaissance，No.14，Summer 1962，pp.206-215，222.

[155] Diana Trilling，“Norman Mailer”，Encounter，November 1962，pp.45-56；rpt.as “The Moral Radicalism of Norman Mailer”，in Diana Trilling，Claremont Essays，New York：Jarcourt Brace & World，1964，pp.175-202.

[156] Robert Anton Wilson，“An Open Letter to Norman Mailer”，Way Out，February 1963，pp.50-57.

[157] Myrick Land，“Mr.Norman Mailer Challenges All the Talent in the Room”，in Myrick Land，The Fine Art of Literary Mayhem，New York：Holt，Rinehart & Winston，1963，pp.216-238.

[158] Leslie A.Fiedler，“The Jew as Mythic American”，Ramparts，Fall 1963，pp.32-48.

[159] Shigenobu Sadoya，“Norman Mailer's Existentialism”，Studies in English Language and Literature（Seinan Gakuin University，Japan），July 1963，pp.39-58.

[160] Calder Willingham，“The Way It Isn't Done：Notes on the Distress of Norman Mailer”，Esquire，December 1963，pp.306-308.

[161] Harris Dienstfrey，“The Fiction of Norman Mailer”，in Richard Kostelanetz，ed.，On Contemporary Literature，New York：Hearst，1964，pp.422-436.

[162] Sidney Finklestein，“Norman Mailer and Edward Albee”，American Dialog，Vol.1，October-November 1964，pp.23-28.

[163] Lawrence Goldman，“The Political Vision of Norman Mailer”，Studies on the Left，Vol.4，Summer 1964，pp.129-141.

[164] Edmund L.Volpe，“James Jones-Norman Mailer”，in Harry T.Moore，ed.，Contemporary American Novelists，Carbondale：Southern Illinois University Press，1964，pp.106-119.

[165] Marvin Mudrick，“Mailer and Styron：Guests of the Establishment”，The Hudson Review，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1964，pp.346-366.

[166] Allen Guttmann，“The Conversion of the Jew”，Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature，Vol.6，No.2，Summer 1965，pp.161-176.

[167] Mario Corona，“Norman Mailer”，Studi Americani，No.11，1965，pp.359-407.

[168] Ihab Hassan，“The Novel of Outrage：A Minority Voice in Postwar American Fiction”，American Scholar，Vol.34，Spring 1965，pp.239-253.

[169] Paul B.Newman，“Mailer：The Jew as Existentialist”，North American Review，Vol.250，No.3，Fall 1965，pp.48-55.

[170] Renee Winegarten，“Norman Mailer—Genuine or Counterfeit？”，Midstream，September 1965，pp.91-95.

[171] John W.Aldridge，“Norman Mailer：The Energy of New Success”，in his Time to Murder and Create：The Contemporary Novel in Crisis，New York：David McKay Company，1966，pp.149-163.

[172] Alfred Kazin，“The Jew as Modern Writer”，Commentary，April 1966，pp.37-41.

[173] Margery Wood，“Norman Mailer and Nathalie Sarraute：A Comparison of Existential Novels”，Minnesota Review，Vol.6，1966，pp.67-72.

[174] Robert Solotaroff，“Down Mailer's Way”，Chicago Review，Vol.19，June 1967，pp.11-25.

[175] James Toback，“Norman Mailer Today”，Commentary，October 1967，pp.68-76.

[176] Richard Foster，“Mailer and the Fitzgerald Tradition”，NOVEL：A Forum on Fiction，Vol.1，No.3，Spring 1968，pp.219-230.

[177] John Peter，“The Self-effacement of the Novelist”，Malahat Review，Vol.8，October 1968，pp.119-128.

[178] Robert Langbaum，“Mailer's New Style”，NOVEL：A Forum on Fiction，Vol.2，No.1，Fall 1968，pp.69-78.

[179] David Helsa，“The Two Roles of Norman Mailer”，in Nathan A.Scott，ed.，Adversity and Grace，Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1968，pp.211-238.

[180] Max F.Schulz，“Mailer's Divine Comedy”，Contemporary Literature，Vol.9，No.1，Winter，1968.pp.36-57.

[181] Robert Alter，“The Real and Imaginary Worlds of Norman Mailer”，Midstream，January 1969，pp.24-35.

[182] Seymour Krim，“Norman Mailer，Get Out of My Head！”，New York，April 21，1969，pp.35-42.

[183] Martin Green，“Mailer and Amis：The New Conservatism”，Nation，May 5，1969，pp.573-575.

[184] Raymond A.Schroth，“Mailer and His Gods”，Commonweal，May 9，1969，pp.226-229.

[185] David Lodge，“The Novelist at the Crossroads”，Critical Quarterly，No.11，Summer 1969，pp.105-132.

[186] Richard Gilman，“Norman Mailer：Art as Life，Life as Art”，in his The Confusion of Realms，New York：Random House，1969，pp.81-153.

[187] Grace Witt，“The Bad Man as Hipster：Norman Mailer's Use of the Frontier Metaphor”，Western American Literature，No.4，Fall 1969，pp.203-217.

[188] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.33，34，36.

[189] David F.Burg，“The Hero of The Naked and the Dead”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.387-401.

[190] Randall H.Waldron，“The Naked，the Dead，and the Machine：A New Look at Norman Mailer's First Novel”，PMLA，Vol.87，No.2，March 1972，pp.271-277.

[191] Paul N.Siegel，“The Malign Deity of The Naked and the Dead”，Twentieth Century Literature，Vol.20，No.4，October 1974，pp.291-297.

[192] John Stark，“Barbary Shore：The Basis of Mailer's Best Work”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.403-408.

[193] Ruth Prigozy，“The Liberal Novelist in the McCarthy Era”，Twentieth Century Literature，Vol.21，No.3，October 1975，pp.253-264.

[194] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.38.

[195] James Rother，“Mailer's ‘O’Shaugnessy Chronicle：A Speculative Autopsy”，Critique，Vol.19，No.3，1978，pp.21-39.

[196] Helon Howell Raines，“Norman Mailer's Sergius O'Shaugnessy：Villain and Victim”，Frontiers：A Journal of Women Studies，Vol.2，No.1，Spring 1977，pp.71-75.

[197] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.46，49，50.

[198] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.55-57.

[199] Ihab Hassan，“Focus on Norman Mailer's Why Are We in Vietnam？”，in David Madden，ed.，American Dreams，American Nightmares，Carbondale：Southern Illinois University Press，1970，pp.197-203.

[200] Ralph Maud，“Faulkner，Mailer，and Yogi Bear”，Canadian Review of American Studies，Vol.2，No.2，Fall 1971，pp.69-75.

[201] Richard Pearce，“Norman Mailer's Why Are We in Vietnam？：A Radical Critique of Frontier Values”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.409-414.

[202] Rubin Rabinovitz，“Myth and Animalism in Why Are We in Vietnam？”，Twentieth Century Literature，Vol.20，No.4，October 1974，pp.298-305.

[203] Fredric Jameson，“The Great American Hunter，or，Ideological Content in the Novel”，College English，Vol.34，No.2（Marxist Interpretations of Mailer，Woolf，Wright and Others），November 1972，pp.180-197.

[204] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.58-60.

[205] John D.Champoll，“Norman Mailer and The Armies of the Night”，Massachusetts Studies in English，Vol.3，1971，pp.17-21.

[206] Robert Merideth，“The 45-second Piss：A Left Critique of Norman Mailer and The Armies of the Night”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.433-449.

[207] Charles H.Brown，“Journalism versus Art”，Current，June 1972，pp.31-38.

[208] Jack Behar，“History and Fiction：The Armies of the Night by Norman Mailer；The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron”，NOVEL：A Forum on Fiction，Vol.3，No.3，Spring 1970，pp.260-265.

[209] James E.Breslin，“Style in Norman Mailer's The Armies of the Night”，The Yearbook of English Studies，Vol.8（American Literature Special Number），1978，pp.157-170.

[210] Kenneth A.Seib，“Mailer's March：The Epic Structure of The Armies of the Night”，Essays in Literature，Vol.1，No.1，Spring 1974，pp.89-95.

[211] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.40-41.

[212] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.63-65.

[213] Benjamin De Mott，“Inside Apollo II with Aquarius Mailer”，Saturday Review，January 16，1971，pp.25-27，57-58.

[214] Richard Poirier，“Ups and Downs of Mailer”，New Republic，January 23，1971，pp.23-26.

[215] Alfred Kazin，“Capote's Kansas and Mailer's Moon”，New York Review of Books，April 8，1971，pp.26-30.

[216] Raymond A.Schroth，“Mailer on the Moon”，Commonweal，May 7，1971，pp.216-218.

[217] Donald L.Kaufmann，“Mailer's Lunar Bits and Pieces”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，Autumn 1971，pp.451-454.

[218] Thomas Werge，“An Apocalyptic Voyage：God，Satan，and the American Tradition in Norman Mailer's Of a Fire on the Moon”，The Review of Politics，Vol.34，No.4，October 1972，pp.108-128.

[219] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.66-67.

[220] “Women's Lib：Mailer vs.Millet”，Time，February 22，1971，p.71.

[221] Sister Nan，“Norman，prisoner of sex”，Off Our Backs，Vol.1，No.20，April 15，1971，p.14.

[222] Brigid Brophy，“The Prisoner of Sex”，New York Times Book Review，May 23，1971，pp.1，14，16.

[223] Brigid Brophy，“What Katy Did to Norman”，Sunday Times Magazine（London），September 12，1971，p.53.

[224] Joyce Carol Oates，“Out of the Machine”，Atlantic，July 1971，pp.42-45.

[225] V.S.Pritchett，“With Norman Mailer at the Sex Circus：Into the Cage”，Atlantic，July 1971，pp.40-42.

[226] Jonathan Raban，“Huck Mailer and the Widow Millet”，New Statesman，September 3，1971，pp.303-304.

[227] Juliet Mitchell，“Mailer：‘So the revolution called again’”，Modern Occasions，Vol.1，Fall 1971，pp.611-618.

[228] David Lodge，“Male，Mailer，Female”，New Black Friars，Vol.52，December 1971，pp.558-561.

[229] Annette Barnes，“Norman Mailer：A Prisoner of Sex”，Massachusetts Review，Vol.13，No.1/2，Winter 1972，pp.269-274.

[230] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.68.

[231] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.69.

[232] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.69-71.

[233] Marsh Clark and Stefan Kanfer，“Two Myths Converge：NM Discovers MM”，Time，July 16，1973，pp.60-64，69-70.

[234] Edmund Fuller，“Mailer's Sexploitation of Marilyn”，Wall Street Journal，September 24，1973，p.14.

[235] Louis Berg，“When She Was Good...”，Saturday Review/World，September 25，1973，pp.32-34.

[236] John Stafford，“Mailer's Marilyn Monroe”，Vogue，September 1973，pp.288-289.

[237] Saul Maloff，“Mailer's Marilyn”，Commonweal，September 21，1973，pp.503-505.

[238] Lila Frelicher，“Mailer Celebrates Monroe for Grosset and Dunlap”，Publishers’ Weekly，November 13，1972，p.36.

[239] Philip French，“Norman and Norma Jean”，New Statesman，November 9，1973，pp.688-689.

[240] Gerald Weales，“The Naked and the Dead：Marilyn：A Biography by Norman Mailer”，The Hudson Review，Vol.26，No.4，Winter 1973-1974，pp.769-772.

[241] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，p.71.

[242] See Laura Adams，Norman Mailer：A Comprehensive Bibliography，Metuchen，N.J.：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1974，pp.79-102.

[243] Granville Hicks，“Norman Mailer：Foreword”，in his Literary Horizons：A Quarter Century of American Fiction，New York：New York University Press，1970，pp.273-274.

[244] Helen Weinberg，“The Heroes of Norman Mailer's Novels”，in his The New Novel in America：The Kafkan Mode in Contemporary Fiction，Ithaca：Cornell University Press，1970，pp.108-140.

[245] J.Bakker，“Literature，Politics，and Norman Mailer”，Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters，Vol.1，No.3-4，1971，pp.129-145.

[246] Matthew Grace，“Norman Mailer at the End of the Decade”，Étudea Anglaises，No.24，January-March 1971，pp.50-58.

[247] Wilfred Sheed，“Norman Mailer：Genius or Nothing”，Encounter，June 1971，pp.66-71.

[248] John M.Muste，“Norman Mailer and John Dos Passos：The Question of Influence”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.361-374.

[249] Richard D.Finholt，“‘Otherwise How Explain？’ Norman Mailer's New Cosmology”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.375-386.

[250] Donald L.Kaufmann，“The Long Happy Life of Norman Mailer”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.17，No.3，Autumn 1971，pp.347-359.

[251] James Gindin，“Megalotopia and the WASP Backlash：The Fiction of Mailer and Updike”，Critical Review，Vol.15，Winter 1971，pp.38-52.

[252] Morton L.Ross，“Thoreau and Mailer：The Mission of the Rooster”，Western Humanities Review，Vol.25，Winter 1971，pp.47-56.

[253] Theodore L.Gross，“Norman Mailer：The Quest for Heroism”，in his The Heroic Ideal in American Literature，New York：Free Press，1971，pp.272-295.

[254] Charles I.Glicksberg，“Norman Mailer：Salvation and the Apocalyptic Orgasm”，in his The Sexual Revolutions in Modern American Literature，The Hague：Martinus Nijhoff，1971，pp.171-181.

[255] Richard Poirier，“Mailer：Good Form and Bad”，Saturday Review，April 22，1972，pp.42-46.

[256] Richard Poirier，“Norman Mailer's Necessary Mess”，Listener，November 8，1973，pp.626-627.

[257] Leo Braudy，“Norman Mailer：The Pride of Vulnerability”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，pp.1-20.

[258] Michael Cowan，“The Americanness of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，pp.143-151.

[259] Dane Proxpeale Ostriker，“Norman Mailer and the Mystery Women or，The Rape of the C-K”，Esquire，November 1972，pp.122-125.

[260] Richard Foster，“Norman Mailer”，in George T.Wright，ed.，Seven American Literary Stylists from Poe to Mailer：An Introduction，Minneapolis：University of Minnesota Press，1973，pp.238-273.

[261] Richard Daniel Lehan，“The Other Limits：Norman Mailer and Richard Wright”，in his A Dangerous Crossing：French Literary Existentialism and the Modern American Novel，Carbondale and Edwardsville：Southern Illinois University Press，1973，pp.80-95.

[262] J.H.Raleigh，“History and Its Burdens：The Example of Norman Mailer”，in Monroe Engel，ed.，Uses of Literature，Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1973，pp.163-186.

[263] Robert F.Lucid，“Norman Mailer：The Artist as Fantasy Figure”，The Massachusetts Review，Vol.15，No.4，Autumn 1974，pp.581-595.

[264] Seldon Rodman，“Norman Mailer”，in his Tongues of Fallen Angels，New York：New Directions，1974，pp.163-181.

[265] J.Michael Lennon，“Mailer's Sarcophagus：The Artist，The Media，and The ‘Wad’”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.23，No.2，Summer 1977，pp.179-187.

[266] Bernard Horn，“Ahab and Ishmael at War：The Presence of Moby-Dick in The Naked and the Dead”，American Quarterly，Vol.34，No.4，Autumn 1982，pp.379-395.

[267] Nigel Leigh，“Spirit of Place in Mailer's ‘The Naked and the Dead’”，Journal of American Studies，Vol.21，No.3，December 1987，pp.426-429.

[268] Carl Rollyson，“Of a Fire on the Moon”，Masterlpots Ⅱ：Nonfiction Series，1989，pp.1-4.

[269] Dean MacCannell，“Marilyn Monroe Was Not a Man：Marilyn：A Biography by Norman Mailer...”，Diacritics，Vol.17，No.2，Summer 1987，pp.114-127.

[270] Carl E.Rollyson，Jr.，“Biography in a New Key：The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer”，Chicago Review，Vol.31，No.4，Spring 1980，pp.31-38.

[271] Barbara Allen Babcock，“Gary Gilmore's Lawyers：The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer”，Stanford Law Review，Vol.32，No.4，April 1980，pp.865-878.

[272] Ronald Weber，“Murder as Subject：The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer；Serpentine by Thomas Thompson”，The Sewanee Review，Vol.88，No.4，Fall 1980，pp.659-664.

[273] Frederick E.Hoxie，“The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer”，The Antioch Review，Vol.38，No.3，Summer 1980，pp.383-384.

[274] L.W.Payne，“The Executioner's Song”，Magill's Literary Annual 1980，1980，pp.1-3.

[275] Hilary Mills，“Creators on Creating：Norman Mailer”，Saturday Review，Vol.8，No.1，January 1981，pp.46-53.

[276] J.Michael Lennon，“Mailer's Cosmology”，Modern Language Studies，Vol.12，No.3，Summer 1982，pp.18-29.

[277] Jessica Gerson，“Norman Mailer：Sex，Creativity and God”，Mosaic，Vol.15，No.2，June 1982，pp.1-16.

[278] Christian K.Messenger，“Norman Mailer：Boxing and the Art of His Narrative”，Modern Fiction Studies，Vol.33，No.1，Spring 1987，pp.85-104.

[279] Catharine Savage Brosman，“The Functions of War Literature”，South Central Review，Vol.9，No.1（Historicizing Literary Contexts），Spring 1992，pp.85-98.

[280] Carl Rollyson，“The Naked and the Dead”，in David R.Peck and Eric Howard，eds.，Identities & Issues in Literature，New York：Salem Press Inc.，1997，p.1.

[281] John M.Muste，“The Naked and the Dead”，Cyclopedia of Literary Places，1998，pp.1-2.

[282] “The Naked and the Dead”，Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature，1995，N.PAG.

[283] Carl Rollyson，“An American Dream”，in David R.Peck and Eric Howard，eds.，Identities & Issues in Literature，New York：Salem Press Inc.，1997，p.1.

[284] “An American Dream”，Cyclopedia of Literary Characters，rev.3rd ed.，1998，p.1.

[285] Joshua Miller，“No Success like Failure：Existential Politics in Norman Mailer's The Armies of the Night”，Polity，Vol.22，No.3，Spring 1990，pp.379-396.

[286] Michael Zeitlin，“The Armies of the Night”，Cyclopedia of Literary Characters，rev.3rd ed.，1998，p.1.

[287] “Armies of the Night”，Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia，1996，p.51.

[288] Mark Edmundson，“Romantic Self-Creations：Mailer and Gilmore in The Executioner's Song”，Contemporary Literature，Vol.31，No.4，Winter 1990，pp.434-447.

[289] Robert Merrill，“Mailer's Tough Guys Don't Dance and the Detective Traditions”，Critique，Vol.34，No.4，Summer 1993，pp.232-246.

[290] William H.Pritchard，“Mailer's Main Events”，The Hudson Review，Vol.45，No.1，Spring 1992，pp.149-157.

[291] John W.Aldridge，“Documents as Narrative”，The Atlantic Monthly，May 1995，pp.120-125.

[292] Joseph Tabbi，“Mailer's Psychology of Machines”，PMLA，Vol.106，No.2，March 1991，pp.238-250.

[293] Steve Shoemaker，“Norman Mailer's ‘White Negro’：Historical Myth or Mythical History？”，Twentieth Century Literature，Vol.37，No.3，Autumn 1991，pp.343-360.

[294] Steve Shoemaker，“Norman Mailer and Richard Wilbur”，The Paris Review，Spring 1999，pp.270-284.

[295] John M.Kinder，“The Good War's ‘Raw Chunks’：Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead and James Gould Cozzens's Guard of Honor”，The Midwest Quarterly，2005，pp.187-202.

[296] Leah Garrett，“Young Lions：Jewish American War Fiction of 1948”，Jewish Social Studies，Vol.18，No.2，Winter 2012，pp.70-99.

[297] Andrew Wilson，“Pentagon Pictures：The Civil Divide in Norman Mailer's The Armies of the Night”，Journal of American Studies，Vol.44，No.4，2010，pp.725-740.

[298] Alvin B.Kernan，“The Taking of the Moon：The Struggle of the Poetic and Scientific Myths in Norman Mailer's Of a Fire on the Moon”，in Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，pp.7-31.

[299] Geoff Dyer，“Mailer's Moon Shot”，The Threepenny Review，No.139，Fall 2014，pp.8-9.

[300] Ashton Howley，“Mailer Again：Heterophobia in Tough Guys Don't Dance”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.31-46.

[301] James Emmett Ryan，“‘Insatiable as Good Old America’：Tough Guys Don't Dance and Popular Criminality”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.17-22.

[302] Scott Duguid，“The Addiction of Masculinity：Norman Mailer's Tough Guys Don't Dance and the Cultural Politics of Reaganism”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.23-30.

[303] David Rampton，“Plexed Artistry：The Formal Case for Mailer's Harlot's Ghost”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.47-63.

[304] Brian McDonald，“Post-Holocaust Theodicy，American Imperialism，and the ‘Very Jewish Jesus’ of Norman Mailer's The Gospel According to the Son”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.78-90.

[305] Jeffrey F.L.Partridge，“The Gospel According to the Son and Christian Belief”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.64-77.

[306] Brown Kevin，“A Foil and a Forerunner：The Portrayal of John the Baptist in Contemporary Fiction”，The Midwest Quarterly，Vol.50，No.2，2009，pp.149-160.

[307] Fred Leebron，“The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing，by Norman Mailer”，Provincetown Arts，2003，pp.118-119.

[308] Thomas E.Kennedy，“Norman Mailer，The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing”，Literary Review，Vol.46，No.4，Summer 2003，pp.759-761.

[309] Leonard Kriegel，“Mailer's Hitler：Round One”，Sewanee Review，Vol.115，No.4，Fall 2007，pp.615-620.

[310] Steven Poole，“Sympathy for the Devil”，New Statesman，February 19，2007，pp.54-55.

[311] John Gross，“Young Adolf：The Castle in the Forest by Norman Mailer”，Commentary，March 2007，pp.59-63.

[312] Cliff Prewencki，“The Castle in the Forest”，Magill's Literary Annual 2008，2008，pp.1-3.

[313] Sean McCann，“The Imperiled Republic：Norman Mailer and the Poetics of Anti-Liberalism”，ELH，Vol.67，No.1，Spring 2000，pp.293-336.

[314] Kathryn Hume，“Books of the Dead：Postmodern Politics in Novels by Mailer，Burroughs，Acker，and Pynchon”，Modern Philology，Vol.97，No.3，February 2000，pp.417-444.

[315] J.Michael Lennon，“Norman Mailer：Novelist or Nonfiction Writer”，Provincetown Arts，No.17，2002-2003，pp.42-45.

[316] J.Michael Lennon，“Norman Mailer and Provincetown：The Wild West of the East”，Provincetown Arts，No.19，2005，pp.97-101.

[317] J.Michael Lennon，“Norman Mailer：Novelist，Journalist，or Historian？”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.91-103.

[318] J.Michael Lennon，“Why Mailer Matters：Three Reasons”，Heritage Biography，November 16，2011；presented at the Mailer-Jones Conference，Harry Ransom Center，University of Texas-Austin，November 10，2011.

[319] Michael Mewshaw，“Vidal and Mailer”，South Central Review，Vol.19，No.1，Spring 2002，pp.4-14.

[320] Peter Balbert，“From Lady Chatterley's Lover to The Deer Park：Lawrence，Mailer and the Dialectic of Erotic Risk”，Studies in the Novel，Vol.22，No.1，Spring 1990，pp.67-81.

[321] Andrea Levine，“The（Jewish）White Negro：Norman Mailer's Racial Bodies”，MELUS，Vol.28，No.2，Summer 2003，pp.59-81.

[322] Jonathan W.Gray，“The Apocalyptic Hipster：‘The White Negro’ and Norman Mailer's Achievement of Style”，in his Civil Rights in the White Literary Imagination：Innocence by Association，Jackson：University Press of Mississippi，2013，pp.44-71.

[323] David Castronovo，“Norman Mailer as Midcentury Advertisement”，New England Review，Vol.24，No.4，2004，pp.179-186.

[324] Frederick Whiting，“Stronger，Smarter，and Less Queer：‘The White Negro’ and Mailer's Third Man”，Women's Studies Quarterly，Vol.33，No.3/4，Fall/Winter 2005，pp.189-214.

[325] Andrew Hoberek，“Liberal Antiliberalism：Mailer，O'Connor，and the Gender Politics of Middle-class Resentiment”，Women's Studies Quarterly，Vol.33，No.3/4，Fall 2005，pp.24-47.

[326] T.H.Adamowski，“Demoralizing Liberalism：Lionel Trilling，Leslie Fiedler，and Norman Mailer”，University of Toronto Quarterly，Vol.75，No.3，2006，pp.883-904.

[327] John Whalen-Bridge，“The Karma of Words：Mailer since The Executioner's Song”，Journal of Modern Literature，Vol.30，No.1，Autumn 2006，pp.1-16.

[328] Michael Snyder，“Crisis of Masculinity：Homosocial Desire and Homosexual Panic in the Critical Cold War Narratives of Mailer and Coover”，Critique，Vol.48，No.3，Spring 2007，pp.250-277.

[329] Cyrus Ernesto Zirakzadeh，“Political Prophecy in Contemporary American Literature：The Left-Conservative Vision of Norman Mailer”，The Review of Politics，Vol.69，No.4，Fall 2007，pp.625-649.

[330] Joe Scotchie，“Thomas Wolfe and Norman Mailer：Kinsmen of the Land”，The Thomas Wolfe Review，2009，pp.114-116.

[331] Algis Valiunas，“The Naked Novelist and the Dead Reputation：Re-evaluating the stories career of Norman Mailer”，Culture & Civilization，September 2009，pp.69-75.

[332] Benjamin Lee，“Avant-Garde Poetry as Subcultural Practice：Mailer and Di Prima's Hipsters”，New Literary History，Vol.41，No.4，Autumn 2010，pp.775-794.

[333] Douglas Taylor，“Three Lean Cats in a Hall of Mirrors：James Baldwin，Norman Mailer，and Eldridge Cleaver on Race and Masculinity”，Texas Studies in Literature and Language，Vol.52，No.1，Spring 2010，pp.70-101.

[334] Erik Nakjavani，“A Visionary Hermeneutic Appropriation：Meditations on Hemingway's Influence on Mailer”，The Mailer Review，Vol.4，No.1，Fall 2010，pp.1-42.

[335] David Cowart，“Norman Mailer：Like a Wrecking Ball from Outer Space”，Critique，Vol.51，No.2，2010，pp.159-167.

[336] Edward Mendelson，“Mythmaker：Norman Mailer”，in his Moral Agents：Eight Twentieth-Century American Writers，New York：New York Review of Books，2015，pp.124-144.

[337] Lawrence R.Broer，“Mailer Unbound”，Resources for American Literary Study，Vol.38，2015，pp.293-302.

[338] John G.Rodwan，Jr.，“The Fighting Life：Boxing and Identity in Novels by Philip Roth and Norman Mailer”，Philip Roth Studies，Vol.7，No.1，Spring 2011，pp.83-96.

[339] Diana Sheets and Michael F.Shaughnessy，“An Interview with Diana Sheets：Norman Mailer and Tom Wolfe，Two Leaders of ‘New Journalism’ or Writers Striving to Create the ‘Great American Novel’？”，in their The Doubling：Those Influential Writers That Shape Our Contemporary Perceptions of Identity and Consciousness in the New Millennium，Nova Science Publishers，Inc.，2016，pp.109-124.

[340] Marjorie Worthington，“The New Journalism as the New Fiction：Tom Wolfe，Norman Mailer，Hunter S.Thompson，Joan Didion，Mark Leyner，and Bret Easton Ellis”，in his The Story of “Me”：Contemporary American Autofiction，Lincoln & London：University of Nebraska Press，2018，pp.92-124.

[341] J.J.Murphy，“Experiments in Psychodrama：Mekas，Warhol，Clarke，and Mailer”，in his Rewriting Indie Cinema：Improvisation，Psychodrama，and the Screenplay，New York：Columbia University Press，2019，pp.95-118.

[342] 本书中梅勒作品的译名与以下译著不完全相同。

[343] See Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1978，p.10.

[344] See Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1978，p.12.

[345] Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1992，p.ix.

[346] 这12部作品是：The Naked and the Dead（New York：Rinehart，1948），Barbary Shore（New York：Rinehart，1951），The Deer Park（New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1955），Advertisements for Myself（New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959），The Presidential Papers（New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963），An American Dream（New York：The Dial Press，1965），Cannibals and Christians（New York：The Dial Press，1966），Why Are We in Vietnam？（New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1967），The Armies of the Night（New York：New American Library，1968），Miami and the Siege of Chicago（New York：New American Library，1968），Of a Fire on the Moon（Boston：Little，Brown，1970），and The Prisoner of Sex（Boston：Little，Brown，1971）.

[347] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.ix.

[348] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.379.

[349] Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.2.See also Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，2003，p.2.

[350] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.3.

[351] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.1.

[352] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，pp.136-137.

[353] Nathan A.Scott，Jr.，Three American Moralists：Mailer，Bellow，Trilling，Notre Dame & London：University of Notre Dame Press，1973，pp.50-51.

[354] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，p.5.

[355] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，p.4.

[356] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，p.152.

[357] See J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.1.See also Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1992，p.xii.

[358] Richard Foster，“Early Novels”，in Harold Bloom，ed.，Norman Mailer，New York and Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers，1986，p.17.

[359] See Robert Ehrlich，Norman Mailer：The Radical as Hipster，Metuchen，N.J.& London：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1978，p.1.

[360] Sandy Cohen，Norman Mailer's Novels，Amsterdam：Editions Rodopi，1979，p.10.

[361] Sandy Cohen，Norman Mailer's Novels，Amsterdam：Editions Rodopi，1979，p.14.

[362] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.314.

[363] Norman Mailer，Cannibals and Christians，New York：The Dial Press，1966，p.252.

[364] Norman Mailer，Cannibals and Christians，New York：The Dial Press，1966，p.253.

[365] Norman Mailer，“Pontifications”，in Pieces and Pontifications，Kent：New English Library，1982，p.21.

[366] Robert Ehrlich，Norman Mailer：The Radical as Hipster，Metuchen，N.J.& London：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1978，p.2.

[367] Robert Ehrlich，Norman Mailer：The Radical as Hipster，Metuchen，N.J.& London：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1978，p.8.

[368] Robert Ehrlich，Norman Mailer：The Radical as Hipster，Metuchen，N.J.& London：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1978，p.14.

[369] Robert Ehrlich，Norman Mailer：The Radical as Hipster，Metuchen，N.J.& London：The Scarecrow Press，Inc.，1978，p.vii.

[370] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.8.

[371] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.9.

[372] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，pp.21-22.

[373] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.24.

[374] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：Unversity Press of New England，1987，p.4.

[375] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：Unversity Press of New England，1987，p.5.

[376] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：Unversity Press of New England，1987，p.5.

[377] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.17.

[378] Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，p.1.

[379] Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，p.3.

[380] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，pp.175-176.

[381] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，p.184.

[382] Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，p.5.

[383] See Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，pp.8-9.

[384] See Robert J.Begiebing，Acts of Regeneration：Allegory and Archetype in the Works of Norman Mailer，Columbia & London：University of Missouri Press，1980，pp.10-11.

[385] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，pp.39-40.

[386] Norman Mailer，The Presidential Papers，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1963，pp.41-42.

[387] Norman Mailer，The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing，London：Little，Brown，2003，p.163.

[388] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.44.

[389] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.3.

[390] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.3.

[391] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.3.

[392] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.3.

[393] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.3.

[394] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.5.

[395] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.5.

[396] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.6.

[397] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.7.

[398] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.2.

[399] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.38.

[400] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.45.

[401] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.2.

[402] Robert Begiebing，“Twelfth Round：An Interview with Norman Mailer”，in J.Michael Lennon，ed.，Conversations with Norman Mailer，Jackson，Miss.，1988，p.317.

[403] Nigel Leigh，Radical Fictions and the Novels of Norman Mailer，Basingstoke，Hampshire and London：Macmillan，1990，p.viii.

[404] Nigel Leigh，Radical Fictions and the Novels of Norman Mailer，Basingstoke，Hampshire and London：Macmillan，1990，p.ix.

[405] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.2.

[406] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.3.

[407] Michael K.Glenday，Norman Mailer，New York：St.Martin's Press，1995，p.26.

[408] Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1992，p.ix.

[409] See Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1992，p.xii.

[410] Robert Merrill，Norman Mailer，Boston：Twayne Publishers，1978，p.13.

[411] Jennifer Bailey，Norman Mailer：Quick-Change Artist，London and Basingstoke：The Macmillan Press Ltd.，1979，p.1.

[412] J.Michael Lennon，Critical Essays on Norman Mailer，Boston，Massachusetts：G.K.Hall & Co.，1986，p.2.

[413] Joseph Wenke，Mailer's America，Hanover and London：University Press of New England，1987，p.4.

[414] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.17.

[415] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.384；Norman Mailer，The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing，London：Little，Brown，p.161.

[416] Norman Mailer，Advertisements for Myself，New York：G.P.Putnam's Sons，1959，p.385.

[417] Norman Mailer，Cannibals and Christians，New York：The Dial Press，1966，pp.98-99；Norman Mailer，The Spooky Art：Some Thoughts on Writing，London：Little，Brown，p.300.

[418] Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.14.

[419] Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.18.

[420] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.3.

[421] Robert Solotaroff，Down Mailer's Way，Urbana，Chicago and London：University of Illinois Press，1974，p.viii.

[422] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，pp.43-44.

[423] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.47.

[424] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.47.

[425] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.50.

[426] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.53.

[427] Diana Trilling，“The Radical Moralism of Norman Mailer”，in Leo Braudy，ed.，Norman Mailer：A Collection of Critical Essays，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，Inc.，1972，p.56.

[428] Laura Adams，Existential Battles：The Growth of Norman Mailer，Athens，Ohio：Ohio University Press，1976，p.20.