四 结论
在经历了由中国带来的长达十年的商品繁荣和利润增长之后,拉美地区目前面临着又一次的经济放缓。这种情况迫使该地区面临经济多样化的挑战,而这意味着它们必须改变长期以来唯一的发展战略,即依靠初级产品贸易的发展方式。这也为该地区提供了一个改变计划重新实现经济增长的选择,而这些选择大多基于创新。
事实证明创新是摆脱中等收入陷阱的高收入国家的发展动力。只有坚定决心并积极合理地建立自己的国家体系以实现创新的国家才能最终摆脱中等收入陷阱。在“隔代观点”理论下,政策对于推进科技型基础设施建设,将人才培养至创新活动所需的领域以及促进地方、国家和国际知识网络的升级至关重要。拉美国家必须获得全球市场所需要的能力和知识,参与到创新和增值活动中去,并形成致力于培养和升级人力资本以实现创新的国家共识。
由于拉丁美洲是一个多元化的地区,保证这些政策的正确升级至关重要。过去该地区在尝试进行工业化时认为要不惜一切代价在所有部门实现工业化。每个国家的政策制定者和私营部门都应该发现他们为实现经济增长而应当努力的领域。政府和私营企业需要尽早采取行动加强国家创新体系,这是制定各项政策的主要目标之一,同时也能全面加强公共和私营部门的竞争力。致力于生产产品和服务的公司必须利用新技术并开发出自己的核心技术,同时政府也应保证这些公司能更容易地找到资金支持和赞助来开展研发活动。政府还要分配好这些新的发展模式所带来的收入,要谨慎地将这些收入投资于社会的各个方面。
正如中国—拉美加勒比共同体合作计划中所证明的那样,中国认识到了其与拉美关系的战略性质。这位亚洲巨人也意识到,除了维持作为过去伙伴关系基石的商品贸易合作之外,还需要与拉美确立新的适合其增长的新合作领域。中国提出的这些新的工作领域包含创新和增强自身能力等多个方面,而这也是提高其全球竞争力和生产力的重要组成部分。这个机遇可能会使该地区发展到足以摆脱中等收入陷阱的水平,并最终达到高收入水平。
正如加勒特所说的那样,中等收入国家必须找到提升自身科技水平的方式并融入全球经济之中,这样它们才能摆脱仅参与标准化竞争中的低端制造活动的陷阱。[33]或许拉美地区能从中国经济发展新常态时期有所收获。或许这代表着该地区一直期待着的新时代,一个以创新为经济增长动力基础的时代的到来。
西尔维娅·科尔特斯(Silvia Cortés C.)
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