孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》(第2版)笔记和考研真题详解
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6.3 考研真题详解

一、转性与变态

1. I have always wished to spend some part of the Sunday quiet with books which, at most times, it is fatally easy to leave aside, one’s very knowledge and love of them serving as an excuse for their neglect in favour of print which has the attraction of newness.(北京科技大学2009研)

【译文】我一直希望能在星期天花一部分时间安静地看书,在大多数时候,书都极易被搁置一旁。正是出于对书的了解和喜爱,一个人才会对具有新奇吸引力的印刷品情有独钟。

【解析】介词转译为动词。“spend some time with books”即“看书”。

2. It is the unanimous view of our committee that America today faces a serious and intensifying challenge with regard to its future competitiveness and standard of living.(北京外国语大学2011研)

【译文】我们委员会一致认为今天的美国,其未来的竞争力和生活水平面临着严峻的挑战。

【解析】将名词“view”转译为动词“认为”。

3. In Defense of Translation.(北京外国语大学2009研)

【译文】为翻译正名。

【解析】将名词“defense”翻译为动词短语“为……正名”。

4. A growing number of countries have legislation that supports sexual and reproductive health and promotes gender equality.(北京外国语大学2012研)

【译文】越来越多的国家已立法支持增进性健康和生育健康,促进男女平等。

【解析】名词“legislation”转译为动词“立法”。

5. The emphasis on the readership and the setting, and therefore on naturalness, ease of understanding and an appropriate register, when these factors are appropriate.(北京外国语大学2008研)

【译文】强调读者及写作背景,即强调行文自然流畅,简单易懂,并在满足这两点的前提下保证合适的对应。

【解析】将名词“emphasis”转译为动词“强调”。

6. The establishment of communication between people belonging to different speech communities has long been an important form of linguistic performance.(北师大2008研)

【译文】长期以来,在隶属于不同语言群体的人们之间建立交流是语言行为的重要形式。

【解析】将名词“establishment”转译为汉语动词“建立”。

7. HE THAT hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.(北大2004研)

【译文】成了家的人,可以说对于命运之神付出了抵押品。因为家庭难免拖累于事业,使人的许多抱负难以实现,无论这种事业的性质如何。

【解析】原句中impediments为名词“阻碍,妨碍,困难”,在翻译时,将名词活用为动词“拖累于”,词性发生转换。

8. While cultural ‘neutrality’ of a language is clearly an impossibility, there are nevertheless degrees of cultural ‘loadedness’, with proverbs and idioms at the culture-specific end of the spectrum.(对外经济贸易大学2016研)

【译文】一种语言的文化“中立”显然是不可能的,因为语言中文化“负载”的程度是不同的,就像文化末端体现文化特异性的成语和谚语一样。

【解析】原句中名词的impossibility“不可能性”,在翻译时,将其转换为形容词“不可能的”。

9. Europeans had previously captured Squanto and forced him into slavery.(宁夏大学2016研)

【译文】欧洲人早前就俘虏了斯匡托,逼迫他成为奴隶。

10. As for Ann, I am not sure about her fluency in Italian.(首都经济贸易大学2018研)

【译文】至于安,我不知道她的意大利语是否流利。

11. A leading member should never concentrate all his attention on one or two problems, to the exclusion of others. (首都经济贸易大学2018研)

【译文】领导者不能把全部注意力只集中在一两个问题上而不顾其他问题。

12. While typing, she has a habit of stopping occasionally to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.(河南师范大学2018研)

【译文】打字时,海伦有一个习惯,不时停下来捋一下她飘逸的头发。

13. Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column.(江苏大学2017研)

【译文】兰花的独特之处在于它拥有最发达的花朵,在这种植物中,雄性和雌性生殖器官都融合在一种名为“柱”的结构中。

14. His decision to cancel the concert will disappoint his fans.(杭州师范大学2019研)

【译文】他决定取消音乐会,这使他的粉丝十分失望。

15. The early form of writing known as Linear B was deciphered in 1952, but no one has yet succeeded in the interpretation of the still more ancient Linear A.(广东工业大学2019研)

【译文】1952年,有人破译了被称为线性B的早期写作形式,但到目前为止还没有人成功破译更古老的写作形式线性A。

16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.(宁波大学2019研)

【译文】詹·瓦格纳(Jean Wagner)对美国黑人诗歌研究作出的最经久不衰的贡献是,他主张应该在一个宗教的、世俗的参照框架中对美国黑人诗歌予以分析。

17. And the ability to attract investors is being limited by the giant burden of private-sector debt.(北京外国语大学2012研)

【译文】而且,私营部门里存在庞大的债务负担也抑制了吸引投资的能力。

【解析】此题考查英语被动句的翻译,在这里是译成汉语主动句,并且把英语原句的主语在汉译时转换为宾语。

18. When a child, I was permitted to handle on Sunday certain books which could not be exposed to the more careless usage of common days: volumes finely illustrated, or the more handsome editions of familiar authors, or works which, merely by their bulk, demanded special care.(北京科技大学2007研)

【译文】孩提时,在星期天,我被允许看一些平日里不可随意翻阅的书:插图精美的书卷,或是一些熟悉的作家的精装书,又或是仅从它的厚度就要求特殊爱护的书。

【解析】英译汉中被动句的翻译。此处译成汉语被动句,借助于汉语已有的被动形式保留其原句的被动语态。

19. Foreign policy is often conducted at multiple levels.(外交学院2007研)

【译文】外交政策常通过多个层面进行传达。

【解析】被动句译成汉语主动句,保留了原文的主语。

20. The truth is that economic performance is determined not only by governance standards, but by geopolitics, geography, and economic structure.(对外经贸大学2010研)

【译文】事实是,经济表现不仅取决于管理的标准,还取决于地缘政治,地理位置和经济结构。

21. One of the most important features in any business is communication. Good communications are required at all stages of the business process.(上海海事大学2018研)

【译文】沟通是任何业务中最重要的功能之一。在业务流程的所有阶段都需要良好的沟通。

22. If the fire alarm is sounded, all students are requested to converge in the courtyard.(南航2018研)

【译文】火警警报响起时,要求所有学生在院子里集合。

23. The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation.(桂林大学2016研)

【译文】如果当初把时间花在细致的调查研究上,益处就更多了。

24. Dav Crockett was reared in eastern Tennessee.(长沙理工大学2018研)

【译文】达夫·克罗克特在田纳西州东部长大。

25. The football player was penalized for unnecessary roughness.(长沙理工大学2018研)

【译文】那个足球运动员因不必要的粗暴行为而受到处罚。

【解析】此处将英语的被动句转换成汉语带有被动意义标记“受”的被动句。

26 It is believed that the formation of the sun, the planets, and other stars began with the condensation of an interstellar gas cloud.(武汉科技大学2019研)

【译文】人们相信,太阳、行星和其他恒星的形成始于星际气体云的凝结。

【解析】英语被动句改为汉语主动句,增添主语。

27 It is recommended that these timber be cut down and made into furniture.(广东工业大学2019研)

【译文】建议把这些木材砍下来做家具。

【解析】英语被动句改为汉语无主句。

28. Exposure to lead is known to damage the brains of young children.(宁波大学2019研)

【译文】众所周知,幼儿接触铅会损害大脑。

二、增补与省略

1. According to experts, almost everything about President Bush’s looks and character are an image-maker’s nightmare.(北京第二外国语学院2008研)

【译文】据专家所说,只要是有关于布什总统外貌和性格,对于形象打造师来说都是一场噩梦。

【解析】此句在翻译时增加了表示让步的连词“只要”。

2. Yet a report on a big fire at King’s Cross tube station had drawn attention to precisely this problem in 1988.(北航2010研)

【译文】1988年,一份关于地铁国王十字站发生大火的报告就恰恰曾指出过这一问题,然而时至今日却未能引起重视。

【解析】译文根据句意增加了“时至今日”,起到与现在对比的作用。

3. At least until genetics, age and our personal habits get in the way.(北京外国语大学2012研)

【译文】至少在不受遗传、年龄或个人生活习惯影响的情况下是这样的。

【解析】此处表示的是一个条件,采用增词法才能使语句更加通顺,增加“在……的情况下”。

4. In fact, the number of Chinese turbine manufacturers has expanded so rapidly that the government, fearing a glut, warned in that applications for new factories might not be approved(北京外国语大学2012研)

【译文】实际上,中国涡轮机生产商的数量增长如此之快以至于担心供过于求的政府发出警告说可能不会再批准新工厂的建造申请。

【解析】原文的“applications”指的是“建造新工厂的申请”,译文中增加了“建造”二字,使意思更加明确。

5. But it is this very fact that provides a note of optimism for the future.(北京师范大学2003研)

【译文】但正因如此,我们对未来应该更加乐观。

【解析】此句中没有主语,在翻译时,添加了主语“我们”。

6. To speak of the structure of a sentence is necessarily to imply an internalized grammar that gives it that structure.(北京师范大学2004研)

【译文】有必要说一下,谈到句子结构时,我们指的是赋予它这种结构的内在语法规则。

【解析】此句的翻译采用了增词法,“我们指的是”,确保句子的语意通顺。

7. Our dreams will sometimes be shattered and our ethereal hopes blasted.(扬州大学2016研)

【译文】我们的梦想有时会粉碎,缥缈的希望有时会破灭。

【解析】原句and后半部分省略了与前半部分一样的“will sometimes be”。翻译时,对省略部分进行了增补。

8. This film is a dramatic treatment of a threatened stoppage in a factory. (扬州大学2016研)

【译文】本片用戏剧手法表现一家工厂面临罢工威胁的情况。

【解析】英语为抽象语言,中文为具象语言。翻译时,增加了范畴词“情况”,使译文更加符合汉语习惯。

9. But historical documents show that he helped expand the slave trade to the Caribbean by using violence against the native people.(宁夏大学2016研)

【译文】不过历史资料记载他是用武力镇压原住民,将奴隶贸易扩展到哥伦比亚地区的帮凶。

【解析】译文增补了范畴词“地区”。

10. He must be treated with sincerity and reality, with muffins, and not the promise of muffins.(北京大学2007研)

【译文】别人对他也必须坦诚,实在,要给他松饼就实实在在的摆在他面前,而不能只是说说。

【解析】原句重复出现的词,汉译时可看情况省略。

11. In these times when market forces appear increasingly complicated and more volatile, it is all the more important to understand the professional jargon and terminology in the market place in order to be able to better make our investment and business decisions.(国际关系学院2010研)

【译文】在目前这种时期,市场越来越变幻莫测、动荡不定,要做出明智的商业投资决策,理解市场相关的专业术语变得尤为重要。

【解析】因为中文语言习惯省略连接词“when”。

12. Such a tradition is forced to neglect all kinds of other aspects connected with the phenomenon of translation, a circumstance that could teach us many things about how cultures and literatures function.(北京师范大学2006研)

【译文】这样的传统迫使人们忽视翻译现象的其他各种方面,而翻译本应教给人们文化和文学是如何发挥作用的。

【解析】此句中的“a circumstance that”通常引导的是条件从句,此处直接省略了对其的翻译。

13. Mr. Somerville—a most delightful man, to whom my debt is great—was charged with the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded thing—namely, to write mere English.(桂林大学2016研)

【译文】萨默维尔先生,一位很和蔼可亲,令我感激不尽的老师,负责教最愚笨的学生最受忽视的课程,即用英文写作。

【解析】原句中,“be charged with”与“the duty of”含义重复,此处直接省略了对“the duty of”的翻译。

14. One day we all may find it useful to have a facility for sending documents, writing any pictures across the telephone lines.(首都经济贸易大学2018研)

【译文】有朝一日我们会发现,拥有一个能通过电话线发送信息、绘制图片的设备是非常有用的。

【解析】原句中的it为形式宾语,无实际意义,直接省略不译。

15. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only added to his confusion.(江西师范大学2018研)

【译文】尽管他查阅了关于这个问题的所有参考资料,他仍然很难理解这一点,而且她的解释只是增加了他的困惑。

16. Pressed for further details, the chairman confessed it to be likely that profits would show a further fall.(宁波大学2018研)

【译文】在被追问更多细节时,这位董事长承认,利润可能会进一步下降。

【解析】原句中it为形式宾语,指代的是后面that引导的从句,本身无实际意义,直接省略不译。

三、正译与反译

1. She had such a kind, generous heart that she won the love of everyone who came near her.(华东师范大学2008研)

【译文】她心地厚道,性格温柔可疼,周围的人没一个不爱她。

【解析】利用双重否定进行正反转换翻译。

2. Laptop computers use a thin, light weight display screen called a flat-panel display, rather than the cathode ray tube technology of larger personal computers.(人大2004研)

【译文】这类计算机不像较大型的个人电脑那样采用阴极射线管技术,而是采用一种名叫平板显示器的薄型轻质显示屏。

3. And who will dare say it is more false than happiness paid for through an installment plan?(上海交大2005研)

【译文】谁敢说这种幸福不如通过分期付款买来的幸福来的真实呢?

4. New research found that melting glaciers will add at least 7 inches to the world’s sea level—and that’s if carbon dioxide pollution is quickly capped and then reduced.(北京外国语大学2011研)

【译文】新的研究发现,如果不迅速限制并减少二氧化碳污染物的排放,正在融化中的冰川会使地球海平面上升至少7英尺。

5. For some time now, we’ve been working longer than is good for us.(上海交大2006研)

【译文】现在,我们工作的时间更长,这对我们并不好。

6. The character of Squanto, for instance, is portrayed in Thanksgiving stories as a kind-hearted indigenous translator who shared helpful farming tips with the Europeans. But what most stories fail to mention is how bleak Squanto’s life really was.(宁夏大学2016研)

【译文】以斯匡托这个人物为例,在有关感恩节的故事里,他常被描述为热心的土著翻译,他和欧洲移民分享有用的农业小窍门。但大多数的故事并没有提及斯匡托真实的悲惨人生。

【解析】原句中的fail属于“肯定形式表否定意义”的词,在翻译时,可将采用汉语的否定形式。

7. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes blank, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.(首都经济贸易大学2017研)

【译文】当遇到这样的问题时,我的脑子一片空白,我几乎记不起自己的出生日期。

8. There are arguably more accurate indicators of consumer spending available, and these are pointing to slower rather than faster growth in the consumer sector.(对外经济贸易大学2016研)

【译文】其它有一些消费者支出指标可以说更准确,而它们都指向消费者部门更慢(而不是更快) 的增长。

四、抽象与具体

1. I’ve hit the wall, and I’ve pressed on nevertheless.(南开大学2008研)

【译文】我已经到了瓶颈之处,而仍然不顾艰难继续前行。

【解析】原文用具体对象表达一个抽象的概念,而译者将此抽象概念具体为“瓶颈之处”,意思清晰完整,更易于为读者所理解。

2. There is always a steep learning curve when it comes to responding to calamities of this kind, and Mother Nature does an expert job of keeping us on our toes.(北京第二外国语学院2008研)

【译文】在面临如此的危难的时候,人们总会觉得“书到用时方恨少,”而大自然却总能让我们永远学习下去。

【解析】化具体为抽象。原文“keep us on our toes”若直译会让读者不明所以,故此处需抽象化,译为“永远学习下去”,让读者一目了然。

3. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.(湖南农业大学2018研)

【译文】漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间,这一引人注目的景观正象征着传统与新潮之间持续不断的斗争。

【解析】原句出自文章 Hiroshima-the “Liveliest” City in Japan。kimono和miniskirt翻译时不需要解释其具体含义,而应取其引申义“传统与新潮”。

4. We can batten down and ride it out.(湖南农业大学2018研)

【译文】我们是可以严加防卫,渡过难关的。

【解析】原句出自文章Face To Face With Hurricane Camille。batten down原意指钉上压条,密封封仓,这里指引申为“做好准备”。ride out原指长途骑行,这里指平稳渡过难关。

5. Columbus Day, the October holiday that celebrates explorer Christopher Columbus, is also coming under fire。(宁夏大学2016研)

【译文】每年10月纪念探险家克里斯托佛·哥伦布的哥伦布日也饱受争议。

【解析】come under fire本意是“遭受射击”,此处直译显然是不恰当的。因此取其引申义“受到猛烈批评、遭到猛烈批判”,翻译为“饱受争议”。

6. There are times when the difficulties appear too great and we just throw in the towel, but when we do that, far from disappearing, the difficulties actually seem to grow.(北航2017研)

【译文】有时候困难看起来太大了,我们就认输了,但当我们这样做的时候,困难非但没有消失,反而似乎在增加。

【解析】化具体为抽象。throw in the towel为体育用语。在拳击比赛中,教练可以将毛巾投入赛场内,作为停止比赛的信号。在此句中不可直译,而应取其引申义“认输”。

7. Loyalty was crucial: Washington, after all, was a city with enemies everywhere, with sharks swimming out there waiting for any sign of weakness.(上海外国语大学2009研)

【译文】忠诚至关重要:毕竟,华盛顿是个充满敌人之处,犹如鲨鱼到处游弋,等待任何弱点的蛛丝马迹。

【解析】化抽象为具体。“蛛丝马迹”为汉语成语,其含义早已深入人心。此处这样翻译更易于为读者所接受。

8. Their presence casts a shadow that is no less ominous because it is formless and obscure, no less frightening because it is simply impossible to predict the effects of lifetime exposure to chemical and physical agents that are not part of the biological experience of man.(外交学院2007研)

【译文】各种化学物质正充斥着我们生存的环境,它们或直接或间接,或个别或综合地作用于人类,并投下一团同样危险同样让人恐惧的阴霾——危险是因为无形隐蔽,让人恐惧是因为人类要一生暴露于不属于生物体验的化学物理制剂中,而不能预测其影响。

【解析】化抽象为具体。“shadow”意为“阴影”,直译出来效果不如“阴霾”好,后者程度更深,也更能发人深省。

9. Boeing has been smarting ever since Airbus snatched the lead in the civil jet market last year by delivering more aircraft for the first time.(北京林业大学2005研)

【译文】去年,空客交付使用的飞机架数首次超过了波音,在民用喷气式飞机市场成了领头羊,此后波音公司始终如芒在背。

【解析】化抽象为具体。“lead”意为“领导”,翻译为名词“领头羊”加入了中文色彩,更易于为译语读者理解。

10. The idea that someone is an irredeemable loss seems incredibly brutal.(北京第二外国语学院2010研)

【译文】说某人无可救药似乎相当残忍。

【解析】化抽象为具体。“无可救药”不仅准确地传递出原文信息,也含有中国文化特色,更易于为读者所理解。

五、分句与合句

1. They ask their constitutional utility in verse.(北大2007研)

【译文】即使被问起宪法的功能,他们也会出口成诗。

【解析】此题使用分句法,把原文中一个短语译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

2. The laptop computer is a small, portable computer that’s light and small enough to hold on your lap(人大2004研)

【译文】膝上型计算机是一种小型便携式计算机,重量轻,机型小,可以放在膝上使用。

3. We are convinced that strong and sustained economic growth is necessary both at national and global level to achieve this end.(北京外国语大学2009研)

【译文】我们相信,只有在国家、全球两个层面上均实现强有力的持续经济增长,这一目标才能达成。

4. We are here today hoping both to elevate the nation’s awareness of this developing situation and to propose constructive solutions.(北京外国语大学2011研)

【译文】所以我们今天在这里希望提高美国对这一发展形势的警惕,来寻求建设性的解决方案。

【解析】此题使用分句法,把原文中一个短语译成句子。

5. And what makes these thoughts all the more disturbing is the knowledge that our fate could perhaps be sealed twenty or more years before the development of symptoms”.(外交学院2007研)

【译文】而使人更为困扰的是,我们知道在各种征兆明了之前,我们的命运将会陷入一片未知长达二十年或更久。

6. Science is receiving a mixed report card from the rest of our society. While there is substantial support for science today, there have also been unmistakable demonstrations of science’s unpopularity.(电子科技大学2005研)

【译文】社会对科学的评价可以说是毁誉参半,有对科学表示坚决支持的,也有对其无情批判的。

【解析】前后两句逻辑关系明确,表顺承。后一句直接是对第一句的补充说明,译为一个句子使结构更为紧凑。

7. I looked as if for the enemy against which he struggled. I looked out of doors.(电子科技大学2006研)

【译文】我像是为了寻找飞蛾与之搏斗的仇敌,朝户外望去。

【解析】两个句子主语均为“I”,合译更显简洁。

8. Also like the measles, we take it only once. One never need be afraid of catching it a second time.(华中师范大学2007研)

【译文】也像麻疹一样,得过一次就终生免疫,永远不必担心会第二次染上。

【解析】后一句中的主语“one”是泛指,实际意义和第一句中的“we”一致,因此可合译。

9. The true artist lets himself go. He is natural. He swims easily in the stream of his own temperament.(中山大学2009研)

【译文】真正的艺术家是狂放不羁的,他自由自在,悠然自得地在自己个性的川流中畅游。

【解析】分析句意可知,“The true artist”和“he”指代对象相同,三个句子主语相同,因而可合译为一个中文句子。

10. On May 26, Australia observes National Sorry Day, which commemorates the aboriginal children who were taken from their homes to be “re-educated” with Western culture.(宁夏大学2016研)

【译文】5月26日,澳大利亚庆祝了国家道歉日,纪念那些被迫离开家人,接受西方文化再教育的土著儿童。

【解析】原句由主句、非限制性定语从句、定语从句三部分构成。译文采用了合句译法,将主语统一为“澳大利亚”,并将who引导的定语从句译为前置定语来修饰“aboriginal children”,使译文更加简洁、紧凑。