孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》(第2版)笔记和考研真题详解
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6.2 翻译示例汇总

一、转性与变态

1. The happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion, and the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.(J. Austen: Northanger Abbey, Ch.15, V.

【译文】她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦,两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱,洒下了欣喜的泪花。

【解析】effusion是个名词,但它又是个带有动作意味的名词,意为an unrestrained expression of feeling,翻译中可顺从汉语的习惯,将其译成动词“倾吐”。

2. Tess’s pride would not allow her to turn her head again, to learn what her father’s meaning was, if he had any ...(T. Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch.2)

【译文】苔丝出于自尊,不愿再回头去看父亲在搞什么名堂,如果他真有什么名堂的话……

【解析】名词pride译成动宾结构“出于自尊”。

3. It is my conviction that though men may be no more wicked than they always have been, they seem less likely to be ashamed.(J. W. Krutch: “The New Immorality”)

【译文】我相信,人们虽然未必比以前还要不讲道德,但似乎要比以前更加不知羞耻。

【解析】名词conviction译成动词“相信”。

4. I saw that his face was pale. I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a tray of drinks before some customers.(R. Zacks: “The Date Father Didn’t Keep”)

【译文】我见他脸色煞白。我循着他的目光,看到餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。

【解析】原文中的介词转换成了动词。句中的setting a tray of drinks before some customers不宜译成“把一盘饮料摆在几位客人面前”,否则读者会问:摆在他们面前做什么呢?还是译作“端着托盘给几位客人上饮料”比较到位。

5. Father passed his hand over his face.(idem)

【译文】父杀用手摸了摸脸。

【解析】原文中的介词转换成了动词。句中的passed his hand over his face,也只能译作“用手摸了摸脸”。

6. They were attended from morning to night by female helpers, wives and nurses and secretaries.(S. R. Sanders: “Women and Men”)

【译文】从早到晚,都有妻子、护士、秘书这样的女帮手服侍他们。

7. I was truly dumbfounded by this deep fury that possessed her whenever she looked at me.(J. H. Griffin: “Into Mississippi”)

【译文】她一见到我就这么气势汹汹,真把我惊呆了。

8. They can be purchased pre-washed, pre-faded, and pre-shrunk for the suitably proletarian look(C. Quinn: “The Jeaning of America”)

【译文】人们还可以买到经过水洗、褪色和缩水处理的牛仔裤,以符合无产者的形象。

9. The task was done, not free from further blunders ...(E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch.18, V.

【译文】课上完了,做学生的并没有根绝错误……

【解析】was done直接译成“上完了”。

10. Levi’s jeans were first introduced to the East, apparently, during the dude-ranch craze in the 1930s ...(C. Quinn: “The Jeaning of America”)

【译文】李维的牛仔裤最初引进到东部,显然是在20世纪30年代的农场度假热潮中……

【解析】原文中的were first introduced直接译成“最初引进”。若是加上“被”之类的表示被动语态的标记,反而会产生别扭、累赘之感。

11. And as each and all of them were warmed without by the sun, so each had a private little sun for her soul to bask in ...(T. Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch.2)

【译文】她们大家,不仅个个身上都给太阳晒得暖烘烘的,而且人人心里都有一个小太阳,温暖着各自的心灵……

【解析】原文中的被动语态译成汉语的“给”

12. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program.”(I. Asimov: “The Difference between a Brain and a Computer”)

【译文】我们应该记住,人类同样也只能按照“程序”办事。受精卵一形成,基因就给我们编好了“程序”,我们的潜能也就要受到这个“程序”的限制。

【解析】原句中含有三个被动语态,其中第一个通过将programmed译成名词“程序”,避开了主动被动的问题,第二个变被动为主动,第三个译成汉语的“受到(限制)”,这些都显示了汉语的灵活多变。

13. In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer.(B. Russell: “The Unhappy American Way”)

【译文】我在美国旅行期间,注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍,这就给社会改革家出了难题。

【解析】将have been impressed by译成“注意”。

14. Each year, more than 250,000,000 items of Levi’s clothing are sold—including more than 83, 000, 000 pairs of riveted blue jeans.(C. Quinn: The Jeaning of America)

【译文】每年,李维服装的销售量超过2.5亿件——其中包括8300多万条钉有铜铆钉的蓝色牛仔裤。

【解析】将are sold译成“销售量”,如此变通的结果,也就“化解”了被动语态的问题。

二、增补与省略

15. The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells.(I. Asimov: “The Difference between a Brain and a Computer”)

【译文】人脑只有三磅重,但就在这三磅物质中,却包含着一百亿个神经细胞,以及一千亿个更小的细胞。

【解析】英语可以说in that three pounds,但汉语却不宜说“在这三磅中”,而需要在“三磅”这个数量词后面,加上一个名词“物质”。

16. The difference between me and these daughters was that they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires.(S. R. Sanders: “Women and Men”)

【译文】我和这些女儿们的分歧在于:由于性别的缘故,她们认为我生来注定要成为她们父亲那样的人。因而也就成为妨碍她们实现自己愿望的敌人。

【解析】英语可以说an enemy to their desires,但汉语却不宜说“她们愿望的敌人”,根据上下文的意思,增补成“妨碍她们实现自己愿望的敌人”,才算文从字顺。

17. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all.(T-Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch. 2)

【译文】她们有的长着漂亮的眼睛,有的生着俏丽的鼻子,有的有着妩媚的嘴巴、婀娜的身段;但是,这样样都美的,虽然不能说一个没有,却也是寥寥无几。

【解析】原文中两个others后面都省略了动词had,但译成汉语时却不能没有动词,于是译者便增补了“生着”“有着”两个动词。

18. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.(R. Zacks: “The Date Father Didn’t Keep”)

【译文】我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上了我。(P)

【解析】在and she和with me之间省略了fell madly in love,译成汉语时也要增补上“狂热地爱上了”几个字。

19. In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter with such force most of it fell on the floor at my feet.(J. H. Griffin: “Into Mississippi”)

【译文】不一会儿工夫,她又回来了,将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一摔。大半都撒落在我脚边。

【解析】原文是on the floor at my feet,若一字不漏地译作“撒落在我脚边的地板上”,那就成了画蛇添足了,不如将“地板”舍去,意思已经非常明确。

20. The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton. (W. Churchill: “Harrow”)

【译文】哈罗公学的点名方式跟伊顿公学有所不同。(P)

【解析】在这里,different from that of Eton中的that系指custom of calling,该词在英文中是不可或缺的,但译成汉语时却要略去不译,只写成“跟伊顿公学有所不同”即可。

21. On August 16,1983,they started for the South to seek their fortune.

【译文】1983年8月16日,他们动身去南方寻求生路。

22. “Contrary, then,” answered another,in deep but softened tones. And now, kiss me, for minding so well.”(E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch. 18, V.

【译文】“那好,相反,”另一个人以深沉而柔和的语调答道。“那就亲亲我吧,我学得这么用心。”

【解析】此句中的for不必译作“因为”,否则会产生画蛇添足之嫌。

三、正译与反译

23. Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.(C. Tucker: “Fear of Dearth”)

【译文】另一个人跑步则是为了避而不做别的事,不对如何生活作出决定,不去感受自己生活碌碌无为。

【解析】原文中的avoid和dodge是两个正说概念的及物动词,都表示“回避”的意思,译成中文都用反说的“不”字来传译。

24. They were of course all intending to be surprised; but their astonishment was beyond their expectation...(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 14, V.

【译文】当然大家都做好了惊讶的准备,但却没有料到会惊讶到这个地步……(P)

【解析】原文中的beyond是个正说概念的前置词,意思为“超出”,译成中文也改成反说的“没有(料到)”。

25. He had an aversion to yielding so completely to his feelings, choosing rather to absent himself, and eating once in twenty-four hours seemed sufficient sustenance for him.(E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch. 20, V.

【译文】他不愿意完全凭感情用事,因此宁肯自己不来吃饭。看来,二十四小时吃一顿饭,在他是足够了。(P)

【解析】原文中的名词aversion和动词absent。本来也都是正说概念,译成中文也都改成了反说的“不愿意”和“不来(吃饭)”。

26. I knew her before I ever met your mother.(R. Zacks: “The Date Father Didn’t Keep”)

【译文】我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。(P)

【解析】不少译者一看到before引导的状语从句,都习惯于译成正说的“在……之前”,这样译不是不可以,但是像本例这样的句子,似乎译作“没……之前”更符合汉语的习惯。

27. Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of social usefulness.(J. W. Krutch: “The New Immorality”)

【译文】即便如此,我仍然坚持认为。对个人而言。最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感,以及坚决按这种是非感行事的决心,而不是随波逐流,或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。(P)

【解析】nothing is more important than…本来也可以译成“没有什么比……更重要”,但由于than后面的成分太长,难以组织成文从字顺的汉语,因此,译者变反说为正说,译成“最重要的莫过于……”。

28. Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark.(C. Quinn: “The Jeaning of America”)

【译文】几乎从一开始,施特劳斯就把他的布料染成别具一格的靛蓝色,因此便有了蓝色牛仔裤之称。不过,直至19世纪70年代,他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉;长期以来,这铜铆钉也就成了公司的标志。(P)

【解析】not until是反说法,译成汉语变成正说的“直到”。

29. I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. They were not the less beautiful to me.(N. S. Momaday: “The End of My Childhood”)

【译文】这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来。这些景致依然那样美丽。(P)

【解析】not the less属于双否定说法,翻译中不必“东施效颦”,也来个双否定,而只要根据汉语的习惯,译成正说的“依然那样”即可。

30. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers.(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 1, V.

【译文】卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去,还不就是为了这个缘故,因为你知道,他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。

【解析】在这句话中,merely on that account也可以“正”译成“仅仅为了这个缘故”,但似乎显得平淡了一些,而“反”译成“还不就是为了这个缘故”,则能更加充分地表达出说话人的急切心态。

四、抽象与具体

31. No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe’s. Her novels are amusing enough; they are worth reading; some fun and nature in them.(J. Austen: Northanger Abbey, Ch. 7, V.

【译文】我要是看小说,那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思,值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。(P)

【解析】从形式上看,fun和nature是以抽象名词的身份出现的,有人可能因此而译成“既有趣又自然”,这显然不符合上下文的意思。从上下文来看,这两个英文词代表的都是具体概念,还是译成“逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写”较为恰当。

32. Again, therefore, she applied herself to the key, and after moving it every possible way, for some instants, with the determined celebrity of hope’s last effort, the door suddenly yielded to her hand.(J. Austen: Northanger Abbey, Ch. 6, V.

【译文】因此,她又搬弄钥匙。她怀着最后一线希望,果断利索地朝各个方向拧了一阵之后,柜门忽然打开了。(P)

【解析】apply和yield两个动词表示的都是抽象概念,如果照搬英汉词典的释义,译文将会很生硬,还会令人费解。译者采取化抽象为具体的办法,将之分别译成“搬弄(钥匙)”和“(柜门)打开”,读起来就很确切、自然。

33. Mark his professions to my poor husband. Can anything be stronger?(J. Austen: Persuasion, Ch. 9, V.

【译文】你听听他对我那可怜的丈夫说的话。还有比这更肉麻的吗?(P)

【解析】strong一词若机械地译作“强烈”之类的字眼,读者定会感到莫名其妙。从前文来看,伪君子埃利奥特给史密斯先生写信时,说了些廉价吹捧的话,听起来十分肉麻。因此,将strong具体化,译成“肉麻”是再恰当不过了。

34. “In that case. sir, Adele ought to go to school; I am sure you will perceive the necessity of it.”

“To get her out of my bride’s way; who might otherwise walk over her rather emphatically.”(C. Bronte: Jane Eyre, Ch. 6, V.

【译文】

“那样的话,先生,阿黛勒该上学去了。我想你肯定会意识到这样做的必要性。”

“让她离开我的新娘远远的,否则,她决不会让她好受。”(P)

【解析】在这两句话中,get her out of my bride’s way和walk over her rather emphatically,都是具有比喻意义的形象说法,前者意为“离开……远远的”,后者意为“对……不客气”。此处还是应该抛开原文形象的表达法,而译出其抽象的意义即可。

五、分句与合句

35. The day before I was to leave I went walking across the river to the red mesa, where many times before I had gone to be alone with my thoughts.(N. S. Momaday: “The End of My Childhood”)

【译文】临行前一天,我淌过河来到红石山下。我以前曾多次来过这里,独自遐想一番。(P)

【解析】这是一个主从复合句,主句点出地点,从句对之作补充说明。考虑到汉语的行文习惯,译文将原文的主从结构分拆开,译成了“排调式”的两句话。

36. I have every reason in the world to think ill of you. No motive can excuse the un- just and ungenerous part you acted there. You dare not, you cannot deny that you have been the principal, if not the only means of dividing them from each other—of exposing one to the censure of the world for caprice and instability, the other to its derision for disappointed hopes, and involving them both in misery of the acutest kind.(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 11, V.

【译文】我有充分的理由鄙视你。你在那件事上扮演了很不正当、很不光彩的角色,不管你动机如何,都是无可宽容的。说起他们两人被拆散,即使不是你一手造成的,你也是主谋,这你不敢抵赖,也抵赖不了。看你把他们搞的,一个被世人指责为朝三暮四。另一个被世人讥笑为痴心妄想,害得他们痛苦至极。(P)

【解析】这是达西第一次向伊丽莎白求婚时,伊丽莎白由于心怀偏见和听信谗言的缘故,对他深恶痛绝说出的一席话。原文只有三句,其中第三句是个长句,名词mean后面有两个of介词结构,翻译中若试图照搬这一结构,恐怕很难传达出原文的气势。译者将其断为两句,一句加一“说起”,一句添一“看你”,语气激愤,字字犀利,充分表达了说话人那义愤填膺的心态。

37. I wasn’t an enemy, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally.(S. R. Sanders: “Women and Men”)

【译文】无论在事实上,还是在感情上,我都不是她们的敌人,而是她们的盟友。(P)

【解析】原文是两句话,两句的主语都是I,若是汉语也来两句,都以“我”字开头,难免会给人一种拖沓之感,不如合成一句,后面的I was译成“而是”来得顺畅。

38. When Strauss ran out of canvas, he wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a tough, brown cotton cloth made in Nimes, France...(C. Quinn: “The Jeaning of America”)

【译文】施特劳斯用完了帆布,便写信叫哥哥再发一些过来,不想收到的却是法国尼姆产的一种坚韧的棕色棉布……(P)

【解析】这两句话中的两个主语he,也不宜译成两个“他”字。译者采取合句法,将He received instead...译成“不想收到……”,不仅语言紧凑,跟instead表达的意思也很吻合。

39. I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them.(N. S. Momaday: “The End of My Childhood”)

【译文】我迟迟未能理解女人的深切苦楚,因为我小时候曾羡慕过她们。(P)

【解析】本例译成两句也未尝不可:“我迟迟未能理解女人的深切苦楚。这是因为我小时候曾羡慕过她们。”但省去“这是”二字,并将前面的句号改成逗号,似乎更能体现汉语的简洁特色。