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[1]本文首发于《经济学动态》2017年第9期。
[2]李海明,西南大学经济管理学院、西南大学经济研究中心,教授。
[3]相反则令人叹息,西方主流经济学从马克思主义经济学那里学得的很少。
[4]或许,这恰巧反映了从具体到抽象,再从抽象返回到具体的辩证思维,至少在研究上,难度很高。
[5]参见Mage(1963),Wolff(1979),Moseley(1986),Shaikh & Tonak(1994),高伟(2009)等。
[6]Basu(2015)给出了马克思主义经济学研究者对斯拉法主义者批评的五个回应。
[7]如Cockshott & Cottrell(1997,1998,2003),Tsoulfidis & Maniatis(2002),Zachariah(2006),Tsoulfidis & Mariolis(2007),Tsoulfidis(2008)。
[8]这是马克思所做的工资预付假设。有的学者也使用过工资后付假设,则生产价格被定义为p=wpl+(1+r)pA,参见Tsoulfidis & Maniatis(2002),Zachariah(2006),Fröhlich(2013)。
[9]当然,也有给定利润率的,斯拉法及其一些追随者如此,这时得到的生产价格通常称为新李嘉图生产价格。它常常涉及联合生产问题。
[10]结合Excel和Matlab可以但比较烦琐地解出马克思转形A或B体系。
[11]计价物s必定满足ps=λs,即作为计价物的商品,其价格和价值是一致的。
[12]西班牙的统计中,同金融有关的被分成两部分:银行,保险与信贷。Díaz和Osuna认为,银行的服务活动联结着借贷双方,因此可以按一定权重比例分配到各个经济部门中。房地产租赁中则包含房东从自有住房提供服务中获得的虚拟租金,而这部分无法分离出来。
[13]这些结果同其他学者的研究也比较一致。不过,我们计算的平均绝对加权偏差(MAWD)明显要小于其他学者的结果,目前尚不清楚这究竟意味着什么。
[14]Zachariah(2006)认为Kliman的方法不正确。Díaz和Osuna(2005-06,2007)则认为试图排除这种偏差是无意义的,因为我们不能确切地知道测度的实物单位和市场价格。Tsoulfidis和Paitaridis(2009)表明这种偏差相当小,并不影响结果。