从4到7:核心雅思语法,看我36招
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7分 惊鸿一瞥 四大完成时显一即可

口语部分

现在完成时是用来表示与现在有联系的过去,通俗一点说,就是这事“做完了”“做过了”,所以很多同学在翻译自己的中文的时候,经常遇到,“见过”“梦到了”“去过”“认识他好多年了”“从6点他就在这”“我这辈子都在”“好几世纪了”“有过四次了”“自从”“第二次来了”“已经等了几小时了”。

所以我们观察一下以上的中文表达,不难发现,完成时态对应的除了“已经”“过”“了”这么明显的标记以外,还可以和一段时间、几次、几小时等具有延续性特质的词连用。

比如:

I've known him for years. 我认识他好多年了。

而现在完成进行时通常表达强调不久前刚发生的事儿持续到了现在。

I've been waiting outside for two hours. 我在外面等了两个小时了。

我们从口语的用法开始说起

基本信息题,表达所处的一般状态:(学科、家乡、住哪)—最常考的必考题

Do you work or are you a student?

一般人就回答I'm a student. 这样的答案是很难有亮点的。雅思口语评分标准中词汇项里6分描述有一句话叫“能成功地进行改述”。我们在这里就可以培养一下自己的时态使用意识:

Currently, I've been studying in Beijing University in my third year.

现在完成进行时就用出来了,表达的是什么呢?就是我现在正在上学,而且还在上学。这个时态就要比一般时态能表达出更为细腻的意思来。

再看一例:

What's your major?

你打算说My major is… 吗?

这样说更好:The major I've been studying is called English, which is genuinely a good major.

The major I've been studying…我现在正在学的这个学科是……,定语后置和现在完成时的结合,可以让考官眼前一亮。

以此类推你会了吗?

Where is your hometown? 改述

The city I've been living is called Yinchuan, which is the capital city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Do you live in a house or apartment?

Currently, I've been living in a 3-bedroom apartment.

现在完成时还可以表达经验。主要使用位置在于文化媒体类题,譬如:museum, travel, collection, reading, films等题。

来看一例:

Do you like traveling?

Yes, absolutely. I've been to many exotic places and I genuinely think travel broadens the mind.

那当然,我去过很多有异域情调的地方,我真心觉得旅行可以开阔视野。

以此类推,museum,reading都可以这样说。

I've been to many cultural related museums. I genuinely think museums are wonderful places to enrich your knowledge.

我去过很多与文化有关的博物馆,我真心觉得博物馆是个长知识的好地方。

现在完成时还可以表达从未的心态

在Part 2里的地点题,我们经常需要解释一下,我为什么要去这个地方,为什么要做这件事。是因为我们从未做过!

There was a time when my best friend Jack came to me and said: “Hey, Steven, I heard the travel plan on Lonely Planet is on sale. You haven't been there before, have you? How about going traveling to Thailand together?” I was thinking: “That sounds good. Why not have a try?”

有一次,我最好的朋友杰克来找我说:“嘿,史蒂芬,我听说孤独星球的旅行团打折呢,你之前没去过吧?去过吗?要不咱一起去泰国吧!”我当时想:“听起来不错啊,为什么不试试呢?”

你看,多种时态的加分点就体现出来了,这就是在Part 2的直接对话和内心戏引用的用法。

现在完成时还可以表达赞美

我们经常用“这是我这辈子见过最好的……”表达对某事物的一种肯定。用英文表达,就需要用到完成时了:

◊ This is the most relaxing place I've ever been to in my life. 这是我这辈子去过的最放松的地方。

◊ This is the best ever restaurant I've ever tried in my life. 这是我这辈子试过最好的饭馆。

◊ This is the most fantastic experience I've ever had in my life. 这是我这辈子最爽的体验。

这个用法经常出现在Part 2的结尾段,用于总结。

而过去完成时常用在谈话中提及在过去特定时间之前发生的事情,常见于雅思口语考试Part 2,描述人物:

I would say a person who is good at a foreign language that I had known before I went to college is called Steven who is my English teacher.

或者描述地点:

I would say a place near the water that I had been to last year before Spring Festival is called Xiamen, which is a beautiful coastal city located in the south of China.

从这里我们不难看出,过去完成时常用在由after, before, as soon as, when 等引导的时间状语从句中。

这种用法常出现在描写经历的题目中

◊ He asked what had happened when he was out. 他问他不在何时发生过什么事。

◊ I had met him once before.我以前见过他一次。

◊ I wondered who had taken the money. 我想知道是谁拿了钱。

而过去完成进行时则表达过去特定时间之前发生的事存在了一段时间或一直持续着。比如说,描述购物经历这个题目,考生会说,(买这双鞋之前)我(当时)一直想跑步来着,这句话就可以说成:I had been wanting to go jogging.

或者再看两个例子:

◊ I had been waiting for three hours when I finally saw her. 我看到她的时候已经等了3小时了。(常见等人经历题目中)

◊ I had been expecting some miraculous change. 我一直在期望有什么奇迹般的变化发生。(常见早起经历看日出的描述中,用来描述当时的心情)

练习

01 改错口语改错

你能看出下列答案的第一句话有什么语法错误吗?

Describe a place which is contaminated

You should say:

Where it is

When you went there

Why you went there and who you were with

And explain how you felt about it.

I would say a place that was contaminated by pollution is a river near my school that I had been studying when I was young.

02 大闯关口语闯关

1) 如果考官在Part 2让你描述“Describe a famous person in your country”,

你能随口把下面这个意思表达出来吗?

“我要说的是一个我两年前认识的名人,名叫彭于晏,是个特别高颜值的男演员。”

2) 翻译下列句子。

我听过好多歌,我真心觉得歌曲特别能够给人以启发。

我朋友有一天来找我,说:“嘿,哥们儿,你没去过黄山吧?那地儿是看日出最好的地儿。最近飞机票打折,我准备下周去玩,要不跟我一起去吧?”我心想:“听起来不错啊,去!”

参考答案

01 过去上学的学校可以用一般过去时、过去完成时,就是不能用过去完成进行时,因为这个动作已经截止了,没有持续。所以,正确说法应改为:I would say a place that was contaminated by pollution is a river near my school that I used to study in when I was young.

02 1)I would say a famous person that I got to know about 2 years ago is called Peng Yuyan, who is an extremely handsome actor.

2)My friend came to me one day and said, “Hey, mate. You haven't been to the Yellow Mountain before, have you? Which is the most suitable place to see the sunrise. I was told recently the flight ticket to there is rather cheap. I'm going there next week. Would you like to join me?” I was thinking, “That's sounds good. Yes, OK!”

写作部分

这几种时态在TASK 1和TASK 2中都用得到,而且都是拿分点,因为很少有人会用。

现在完成时是强调现在已经做完了,那么就可以在议论文中用来说明一个已经被证实了的论据。

比如:

2015年9月19日 每一个人都该素食以确保健康吗?

我们回答说不是,“营养不足”,人不吃肉就得瘦,这是常识。那我说两句话:

Long-term lack of animal proteins could lead to malnutrition and many diseases.

长期缺乏动物蛋白可能导致营养不良和很多疾病。

It has been proven that vegetarians usually are beset by night blindness and poor memory due to vitamin A and B deficiency.

现已证明:素食主义者通常会由于缺乏维生素A和B而被夜盲症和糟糕的记忆力所困扰。

后一句用的就是现在完成时,强调以前的经验对现在的影响,用来证明前一句话。特别适合于放在文章论述部分的第三句,第一句论点、第二句论据、第三句用过去的经验或事例进行解释。

这一句“It has been proven that…”的同义备选项还有:

It has been accepted by the majority that…

It has been supported by the facts that…

还有很多,因为涉及的语法拿分点还有主语从句,所以大家可以参考主语从句那一章。

现在完成时还用于下面这个问过去的题目,过去五年A类和G类总共300道题,类似的题目只在A类出现了一次:

2013年4月6日 过去一百年人类进步的领域,没进步的领域

这题的内容范围有点大,不过全篇都得用一般过去时和现在完成时才对。

现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时主要用于图表作文的地图题,表示过去一段时间一直存在的一个建筑或者河流道路这些地理现象,比如:

面对包含两个以上地图的多图题的时候,我们需要首先以现在完成进行时态(has been doing图表时间从过去持续到现在)、过去完成进行时(had been doing图表时间涉及过去某一时间段)来说明其中一直没有改变的建筑或自然结构的持续状态,比如下图:

这三幅图中的河流一直未变,我们需要用过去完成进行时说明这种持续状态:

During the two centuries, River Stewart had been running from northeast to southwest.

这就是过去完成进行时的用法,用来说明1800到2000两百年间一直存在的河流。

如果最后一幅图的时间不是2000而是“present”,那么这句话就要用现在完成进行时,从1800到现在这条河流都在。

那么这个句式就是:

During the whole period, 某一建筑 has / had been lying in 方位.

During the whole period, 某一河流 has / had been running from某一方位 to 另一方位.

During the whole period, 某一道路 has / had been connecting 某一方位 with 另一方位.

现在完成进行时除了用于上面的地图题,还用于线性图,比如:

描述2000—2030这条线的时候,要用到两种时态,2000到现在是过去完成进行时(has been Ving),现在到2030是一般将来时,可以写成:

The number has been dropping from 2000 to the present and would keep that until 2030.

也就是说,穿越当下时间的变化,必须分割,采用两个不同的时态分别描述。当然,我们也可以用形容词+名词的形式进行描述,这个时候就不用考虑时态变化了。比如上一句我们可以改成:There was a slow decrease lasting 3 decades after 2000.

练习

01 改错写作挑错

看看下面的句子,有错吗?

2014年7月26日 个人无力解决环境问题还是必须做出行动?

Human beings have recognized the environmental hazards of white pollution for a century, but nothing has been done.

早在一个世纪前,人类已经认识到白色污染的环境危害了,但不为所动。

02 大闯关写作闯关

看看下面这道题,你能随手翻译出下面的句子吗?注意现在完成时的应用。

2016年2月18日 环境破坏是无药可救了还是尚有可为?

各国京都议定书(Tokyo Protocol)显示,世界大多数国家在减排(emission reduction)上已经取得了共识(reach a consensus)。

参考答案

01 recognize是一个不可持续的动作,后面不可以连接表示一个时间段的时间状语“for a century”。

Human beings have recognized the environmental hazards of white pollution in the last century, but nothing has been done.

人类在20世纪已经认识到白色污染的环境危害了,但不为所动。

而其否定状态“没认识到”就是个可持续的状态,可以连接时间段:

Most people have not recognized the environmental hazards of white pollution for a century.

一个世纪了,大多数人都没认识到白色污染的环境危害。

02 It has been proven by Tokyo Protocol that most countries in the world have reached a consensus on emission reduction.