8分 冲天杀阵 一招鲜的独立主格
口语部分
首先解释一下什么叫“格”。英语是一个特别讲究结构的语言，任何一个句子都应该有主谓结构，简单讲，就是只要是句子就应该有“动词”，但是独立主格中就没有动词，于是它就形成了一个格。
独立主格结构不是短语，它里面其实有动词的概念，但是没有动词的形式，因为动词全部都是以非谓语动词的形式体现的（多数情况是ing的形式）。
这一个语法现象之所以显得高级，是因为它看起来毫无章法，只是把一件事的逻辑堆在一起，没有从句的先行词和连接词，但是却节省了表达时间，看起来简单、易懂。
独立主格在句子结构中相当于状语从句，表时间和表伴随的用法比较常见。来看一例：(Part 2常用开头)
许多雅思考生在谈论一个话题的时候习惯说：
When it comes to this topic, I'd like to share with you one of my experience.
这是一个when引导的时间状语从句，可以用独立主格结构改写：
For the topic being mentioned, I would start by sharing a story of mine.
注意，在这个句子中，前半句话没有任何引导词，作了后半句话的从句，两句话的主语还都不一样，第一句主语是topic，第二句主语是I。但是你很容易就听懂了，这就是独立主格的特点，前半句只给-ing形式的动词，后半句按照主句的形式表达。
学习独立主格结构，我们主要培养自己在这一领域的语感。
再看一例：（看天的经历）
Because the night is dark and frosty, we brought some hot chocolate and a torch.
The night being dark and frosty, we then brought some hot chocolate and a torch.
下面，让我们来连番轰炸语感：
（表时间）中国人喜欢游泳
With the summer coming with hot temperature, you will see swimming pools filled with crowds of people, like a hot pot full of dumplings, from my way of seeing it.
（表条件）如果有机会我一定要去一次西班牙
Chances are there, I will definitely go to Spain for once.
（表原因）因为运动使人健康，所以我很喜欢运动
Sports give me a healthy lifestyle, I like sports. I like them very much.
(表伴随) 所有水果都富含维生素，猕猴桃含量最高
All the fruits are rich in vitamins, with kiwis being the best of all.
（表补充说明）一个向你道歉的人
I can't say anything to him at that moment, he is treating me so well.
其实，所谓独立主格结构，就是把这几种状语从句，去掉连接词，然后把动词变成being，动词ing或者done，然后句子原有意思靠意会来体现逻辑。
当然能表示非谓语动词的可不只有ing，要是会用done结构的独立主格，那才更酷炫。
With the homework done, she finally went back home.(由when从句改装过后的句子)
With the journey finished, I started to feel tired.(由when从句改装过后的句子)
With more time given, I will tour around the city. (由if从句改装后的句子)
With more chances given, I won't fail it again.(由if从句改装后的句子)
Later, after the article was published, people started to realize how important health is.(由after从句改装后的句子)
独立主格+不定式的结构也有，不定式的用法通常用在将来时和否定句中：
If this exam I do not fail, I'm sure I'll be going to Britain next year.
With nobody to write anything by hand, I think computer might really be the major way to record words.
还有几种比较怪的方式，独立主格+介词短语/形容词、副词
He is thinking, eyes on the floor. (重要的对话)
In the photo, I sat in the first row, mouth half open. (自己的照片)
She looked confused about what I said, then I took out my mobile phone, screen on, finger on the app, key words typed in the search engine, and information about her destination popped upon the screen. (帮助别人的经历-指路/第一次使用外语的经历)
特殊句型：独立主格+there being和it being
If I have enough time, say on holidays or weekends, what I like to do is to go for a movie or sing in the karaoke bar. There being no time for leisure, the only thing I do is to relax by taking showers. (你喜欢怎么放松自己?)
It being a problem of lacking public awareness, littering is a problem we never solve. （环境法）
再看一些句子来刷语感：(常坐飞机的人)
I would say a person who often travels by plane that I had met about 2 years ago when I traveled from Beijing to Shanghai is called Steven, who is a professional photographer.
At that time, I was sitting by the aisle on a plane, this man sitting by the window, face in a magazine, both feet on my chair, looking extremely tired. I was thinking: “What a person!”
“Excuse me, sir!” said the Air hostess, turning to me and said sorry, her facial expression looking embarrassed, hands rubbed with each other briskly.
独立主格结构尤其适合描述场景，具有很强的描述性，可以把连续的动作放在一起在最短的时间内讲完，听的人也比较容易理解。
练习
01 改错：口语改错
下列句子改成独立主格结构的句子，你觉得改对了吗?
He looked at me in the eyes, his hands were crossed in front of his legs.
答： He looking at me in the eyes, with his hands crossed in front of his legs.
02 大闯关：口语闯关
试着用本章提供的句式描述出下面“帮助他人”的经历：
Describe an experience when you had to help a stranger.
You should say
When it happened
Who you helped
How he benefited from you help
And explain how you felt about it
我正在地铁站买票，忽然有人拍我肩膀，我一回头，看见一个老太太带着孩子，手缩在袖子里，衣服別在裤子里，看起来像有事儿要说。
参考答案
01 这两个句子，句子主干是he looked at me in the eyes, 那后半句是什么?应该是his hands crossed in front of his legs是独立主格结构作伴随状语，其中, his hands是crossed in front of his legs. 的逻辑主语，两者为被动关系，所以动词是过去分词。答句中，He looking at me in the eyes, his hands were crossed in front of his legs. 前半句是独立主格结构作伴随状语, he是looking at me的逻辑主语，两者之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词.
但是his hands were crossed under his head。成了句子的主干，从语法规则上看好像是正确的，但是说话者要凸显的内容错位了。说话者显然想凸显他看着我这个动作，而不是交叉手。因为“主体”比“手”重要，所以改错的时候也要判断语境。
02 At that time, I was in a subway station, buying a ticket. Somebody patted my shoulder, I turned around and saw an old lady. She was accompanied by a child, hands hidden in his sleeves, with the lower hem of his clothes stuffed in the trousers, and seemed to have something to say.
写作部分
独立主格就是和主句有关系的从句（两句的主语不一样），从句中的非谓语动词为现在分词形式（主动）或者过去分词形式（被动）。从句作主句的时间、条件、原因或者伴随状语。
Because Angelababy is a beautiful and smart lady, she drew Mr.Huang's attention.
因为Angelababy是位聪明漂亮的女士，所以她引起了黄先生的注意。
这句话包含一个原因状语从句，这个原因状语还可以以状语的形式出现：
Being a beautiful and smart lady, Angelababy drew Mr.Huang's attention.
作为一位聪明漂亮的女士，Angelababy引起了黄先生的注意。
这句是非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语和主句一致。如果不一致呢，比如下面这句：
Because Angelababy is a beautiful and smart lady, Mr.Huang married her.
因为Angelababy是位聪明漂亮的女士，所以黄先生娶了她。
还是一个原因状语从句，但是从句里的主语和主句不一致，其实也可以换种表达方式：
Angelababy being a beautiful and smart lady, Mr.Huang married her.
Angelababy是位聪明漂亮的女士，所以黄先生娶了她。
上面这句就包含独立主格结构，非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语和主句不一致，必须另带主语。
这里讲解的用法是表示因果关系的，在议论文中这一逻辑关系最常见。另外独立主格还可以用于时间、条件或者伴随关系。
例如：
2015年6月27日 为什么公众缺乏安全感?如何解决?
如果论点是“estranged interpersonal relationship”：
Coolness growing between social members, the feeling of being disconnected and helpless makes people feel emotionally unsafe.
由于在社会成员间之间冷漠的滋生，隔离和无助的感觉让人们情绪上觉得不安全。
这一例句里我们用独立主格做主句的原因状语来进行深入解释。
这一句式我们把用法公式化，就是：
主语+非谓语动词（being / Ving / Ved）表语 / 宾语，主语 be / v+表语 / 宾语.
从句（原因，也就是深入解释），主句（结果，也就是论据）
因为某一深层原因，产生了某种情况。
再如：
2015年6月18日 青少年犯罪的原因分析和解决措施
如果论点是“home issues”。
The children from broken families lacking parental supervision will have more common delinquent behaviors and character among these juveniles.
由于来自破裂家庭的孩子缺乏父母的监管，违法行为和性格缺陷在他们中更加常见。
上面适用于议论文写作，表达因果联系，在图表作文中也可以使用独立主格结构，不过表示时间关联的情况更加常见，比如对下图的描述：
When the growth was over in 1984, the number started to drop and kept that tendency until 1999.
当增长在1984年结束后，数字开始下降、并保持了这一趋势直到1999年。
这一句可以用独立主格结构表达：
The growth being over in 1984, the number started to drop and kept that tendency until 1999.这一表达方式可以说明两种变化的衔接。
练习
01 改错：写作挑错
看看下面的句子有错吗?
2016年2月27日 产假的好处大于坏处吗?
如果劳动力供给情况变好，实行更长的产假也就成为可能。
Having better conditions in labor supply, applying for longer maternity leave will become possible.
02 大闯关：写作闯关
试着用独立主格结构的句子翻译下面的句子。
2013年2月23日 没有足够学习科学课程的学生的原因及影响
由于学术研究任务和晦涩的教科书将学生们搞得筋疲力尽，当下的招生问题就成了必然的结果。
参考答案
01 此句使用了Ving作状语，但是不对。这一句的完整表述是：
If the conditions in labor supply are better, applying for longer maternity leave will become possible.
这里是虚拟语气，从句和主句之间是条件关系。题目中翻译的错误在于，从句和主句的主语不一致，不能省略从句的主语、用Ving作状语。
这里适用独立主格：
The conditions in labor supply (being) better, applying for longer maternity leave will become possible.
这里的being可以省略，变成逻辑主语+adj. 这种不带系动词的“主+系+表”结构，也是独立主格的一种特殊的形式。
02 Both academic research missions and complex textbooks make students completely exhausted, so current recruitment problems become a necessary consequence.