结语

新结构经济学强调要素禀赋、不同发展水平上产业结构的差异，以及经济中的各种扭曲带来的影响，这些扭曲来源于政策制定者过去对经济的不当干预，这些政策制定者对旧结构经济学的信念，使他们高估了政府在矫正市场失灵方面的能力。新结构经济学还指出了如下事实：华盛顿共识所倡导的政策常常未考虑发达国家与发展中国家间的结构性差异，也忽略了发展中国家对各种扭曲进行改革时的次优性质。

这里提出的新结构经济学试图构建一个具有普遍意义的框架，来理解人们观察到的、关于持续增长的各种特征事实背后的因果关系。具体而言，新结构经济学的目标如下：（1）建立一个分析架构，将发展中国家的要素禀赋和基础设施、发展水平，以及相应的产业、社会、经济结构等因素考虑在内；（2）分析政府与市场在不同发展水平上的作用，以及从一个水平向另一个水平的转换机理；（3）分析经济扭曲出现的原因，以及政府为退出扭曲应该采取的措施。过去几十年中，有一些分析框架曾主导着人们对于发展的思考，却同各国的经验事实鲜有联系。新结构经济学的努力方向，并不是用另一个意识形态主导的政策框架来替代它们，而是考虑各国的禀赋结构和发展水平，提出一条因国而异的、严谨的、有创见的、对于发展政策来说切实可靠的路线。这一框架强调，应更好地理解一个国家发展过程中不同发展水平上结构差异的影响，尤其是涉及适当的制度与政策，以及结构转变过程中私人部门面临的各种约束与激励的方面。

发展经济学的现状和全球危机对发展中国家经济的严重影响都强烈呼唤着一个新的框架来思考发展的问题。新结构经济学所提出的研究议程应该能够丰富人们的研究，深化人们对经济发展本质的理解。这将有助于低收入和中低收入国家实现动态的、可持续的、包容性的经济增长，并消除贫困。

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