1.5 句子的主要翻译方法
1.5.1 英汉句式比较及常见的翻译方法
翻译英语句子时,有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可,也就是通常所说的直译。
eg.1 Thus for a fixed signal power and in the presence of white Gaussian noise the channel capacity approaches an upper limit.
译文:因此,对于一定的信号功率,且存在高斯白噪声时,信道容量将趋近于上限值。
eg.2 The pulses are of the same form but have random amplitudes.
译文:这些脉冲形状相同,但幅度随机。
eg.3 Only by studying such cases of human intelligence with all the details and by comparing the results of exact investigation with the solutions of AI (Artificial Intelligence ) usually given in the elementary books on computer science can a computer engineer acquire a thorough understanding of theory and method in AI , develop intelligent computer programs that work in a human-like way , and apply them to solving more complex and difficult problems that present computer can't .
译文:只有很详细地研究这些人类智能情况,并把实际研究得出的结果与基础计算机科学书上给出的人工智能结论相比较,计算机工程师才能彻底地了解人工智能的理论和方法,开发出具有人类智能的计算机程序,并将其用于解决目前计算机不能解决的更复杂和更难的问题。
eg.4 Moving around the nucleus are extremely tiny particles,called electrons,which revolve around the nucleus in much the same way as the nine planets do around the sun.
译文:围绕着原子核运动的是一些极其微小的粒子,称之为电子,这些电子围绕着原子核旋转,正像9大行星围绕着太阳旋转一样。
eg.5 The development of industrial technology largely strengthens human physical capabilities, enabling people to harness more energy, process and shape materials more easily, travel faster, and so on, while the development of microelectronics extends mental capabilities, enabling electronic“intelligence” to be closely related to a wide range of products and processes.
译文:工业技术的发展大大增强了人的“体力”,使人们能更广泛地利用能源,更方便地对材料进行加工和成形,更快地旅行等;而微电子学的发展则增强了人的“智力”,使电子“智能”用于各种各样的产品和过程。
然而,由于英语和汉语的语法习惯不同,在多数情况需要对原文中的句子进行调整。这里从以下几个方面进行说明。
(1) 句子顺序的调整。
eg.6 The presence or absence(or,alternatively,the sign)of pulses in a group of pulses is made to depend, in a some what arbitrary manner, on message samples.
译文:从属性的角度来说,每组脉冲中脉冲符号的存在或消失取决于消息样本。
eg.7 Electronic amplifiers are used mainly to increase the voltage,current,or power of a signal.
译文:电子放大器主要用于对信号的电压、电流及功率进行放大。
eg.8 A linear amplifier provides signal amplification with little or no distortion,so that the output is proportional to the input.
译文:线性放大器可以在失真很小或没有失真的情况下放大信号,这样输出信号就与输入信号成正比例变化。
eg.9 DPCM works well with data that is reasonably continuous and exhibits small gradual changes such as photographs with smooth tone transitions.
译文:DPCM适用于比较连续且变化缓慢的数据,比如说经过平滑处理后的图片。
eg.10 This university has 6 newly-established faculties,namely.Electronic Computer, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.
译文:这所大学现在有电子计算机、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、基因工程这6个新建的专业。
eg.11 The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.
译文:虽然我们看不见原子结构,但能准确地描述它。(被动句倒译成主动句)
eg.12 These data will be of some value in our research work.
译文:这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。
eg.13 This wavelength division multiplexed operation,particularly with dense packing of the optical wavelengths (or , essentially , fine frequency spacing) , offers the potential for a fiber information-carrying capacity which is many orders of magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cables or a wideband radio system.
译文:应用波分复用(技术),尤其是密集波分复用(或者说,实质上的精细频分复用),使光纤的信息载容量超过电缆或宽带无线系统好多个数量级。
eg.14 In particular,it has to be possible to provide extension telephone service on the same channel as it exists in homes today, to communicate between an ISDN telephone and a PSTN telephone , and to send data between an ISDN terminal , with its direct digital connection to the ISDN , and a terminal - modem combination communicating data through a PSTN voice channel.
译文:特殊的,目前家庭使用的电话信道必须提供扩展电话业务,以实现在ISDN电话和PSTN电话之间通信,并在与ISDN话音信道直接连接的终端之间发送数据,以及PSTN语音信道中终端-调制解调器间实现数据传输。
eg.15 On the other hand, the detained decomposition gas might become the cause of reducing the purity of the metal oxide coating adhered to the ribbon glass in the case the aforementioned decomposition gas is not thoroughly removed from the spraying locale.
译文:从另一方面来说,如果上面提到的分解气体在喷射处没有被彻底清除掉的话,那么,留下来的分解气体就会使黏附在带状玻璃表面上的金属氧化膜的纯度降低。
eg.16 It may be economically sound , in the long run , to subsidize their initial production , even at prices above the projected marked for natural hydrocarbon fluids , in order to accelerate the deduction of dependence on oil imports.
译文:从长远的观点来看,资助开发气体等燃料,即使其价格高于自然炭氢化合液的市场价格,但为了减少对进口石油的依赖,在经济上也可能还是合算的。
由以上的例句可以看到,英语的语法习惯与汉语是有着明显的差别的。在英语的表达中能够较为灵活地将原因放到结果之后进行表述,并且,将作状语的介词短语放在句子中间,突出了句子的主题。而在译文中,我们看到汉语的语法表述,尤其在科技文章中是很讲究逻辑关系的。
(2) 简单句译成复合句。
eg.17 Operational amplifiers(op-amps),built with integrated circuits and consisting of DC-coupled, multistage, linear amplifiers are popular for audio amplifiers.
译文:运算放大器(op-amp)的内部结构是(DC-coupled)由直流耦合的多级线性放大器组成的集成电路,该元件在音频放大器中经常用到。
eg.18 An integrated circuit(IC)consists of many circuit elements such as transistors and resistors fabricated on a single piece of silicon or other semi-conducting material.
译文:集成电路包含大量的电子元件,如将晶体管和电阻加工在一个硅晶体或其他半导体材料上就可形成集成电路。
eg.19 The signal handled by the amplifier becomes the visual information presented on the television screen, with the signal amplitude regulating the brightness of the spot forming the image on the screen.
译文:经过放大器处理后的信号就成为可视信息在电视屏幕上显示出来,图像中每个像素的亮度由信号的幅度进行调整。
(3) 复合句译成简单句。
eg.20 For example,the largest early computers occupied a volume of hundreds of cubic meters and required many tens of kilowatts of electrical power and a sizable air conditioning installation to allow this amount of energy to be dissipated without raising the room temperature to unbearable values.
译文:例如,早期最大的计算机要占数百立方米的空间,需要几十千瓦的电源和一个相当大的空调设备来消除大量的热,从而避免室温超过允许值。
eg.21 The resulting coded wideband speech not only sounds better than telephone bandwidth speech , but is also more intelligible for humans and works well with modern speech recognition system.
译文:得到的宽带编码语音不仅听起来比电话带宽的语音好,而且更清晰,更适用于现代语音识别系统。
eg.22 The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules.
译文:多孔壁的作用就像一把筛子,把不同质量的分子分开。
eg.23 This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.
译文:为了便于研究,通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
eg.24 Crossbar switching was carried out by a special circuit called a marker,which provide common control of number entry and line selection for calls.
译文:纵横制交换由一个被称为标志器的特定电路控制,标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。
eg.25 It will mediate human-machine interactions that are inseparable parts of many customer applications , and pull together the scattered resources , some belonging to the network and some not , to create communications sessions that might invoke a multiplicity of connections and computer applications.
译文:它将协调与客户应用密切相关的人机交互作用,并将分散的资源集中在一起。这些资源有些属于网络,有些则不是,这就可以建立进行多种连接和计算机应用的通信业务了。
eg.26 Computer simulation results show that, with an antenna spacing as low as 1m, a DF error of less than 1° can be obtained on a signal with a bandwidth of 100MHz at a received power level lower than -100dBm , using an integration time of a few milliseconds.
译文:计算机模拟结果表明,当天线间距短到1m时,可以在接收功率电平低于-100dBm的情况下,仅用几个毫秒的积分时间,对带宽为100MHz的信号进行测向,其测向误差小于1°。
1.5.2 一些英语特别句式的翻译
1.被动语态的译法
由于专业英语的客观性,决定了其所用非人称的表达方式和常用句型为一般现在时时态及被动语态,这主要是因为不需要明确动作的执行者是谁,或者不必关心谁是动作的执行者。例如Two problems are considered……一般不写成We consider two problems……在阅读和翻译的过程中要将这类句子进行适当转化。
eg.1 MATLAB is originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects.
译文:MATLAB是为了方便使用由LINPACK和EISPACK项目组开发的矩阵软件而编写的。
eg.2 The signals which fall outside the channel bandwidth are attenuated by filters so that they will not interfere with other signals.
译文:滤波器将消弱信道带宽以外的信号,因此这些信号就不会干扰其他信号。
这里将原句的主语译为宾语。
eg.3 Computers may be classified as analog and digital.
译文:计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
eg.4 The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.
译文:新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了原开关时间的三分之二(或缩短为原开关时间的三分之一)。
eg.5 This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here.
译文:这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
eg.6 Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.
译文:应当注意机器的工作温度。
eg.7 Today different measures are taken to prevent corrosion.
译文:现今为预防腐蚀,人们采取了各种措施。
eg.8 Virtual leaks should be paid attention to.
译文:应该注意假性渗漏。
2.句式为It…结构
专业英语中的表达常用到非人称的语气和态度,尤其常见的句式为“It…”结构。对于以it作为形式主语的句子而言,在译文中常要改成主动形式,有时需要加主语,有时则可加不确定主语如“有人”,“大家”,“人们”,“我们”等。
eg.9 It can be shown that a system using a three-level code must have a signal-to-noise ratio of 8.5 dB, or 3.7 dB greater, for equal performance in the same channel.
译文:这表明对于相同的信道特性,使用三级编码的系统信噪比为8.5dB,或高于3.7dB。
eg.10 It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
译文:显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
eg.11 It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
译文:看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。
eg.12 It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
译文:已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生该电流的磁场力方向相反。
eg.13 It is thus essential for the carbonaceous materials to be decomposed and returned to the atmosphere in order for higher organisms to continue to thrive.
译文:因此,为了使高等生物能继续茁壮成长,含碳物质就必须分解并回归到大气中去。
另外,常见的这类表达方式还有:
It is hoped that … 希望
It is reported that… 据报
It is said that… 据说
It must be admitted that … 必须承认
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出
It will be seen from this that … 由此可见
It is asserted that … 有人主张
It is believed that … 有人认为
It is well known that … 众所周知
It was told that … 有人曾说
It is generally considered that … 大家认为
It is evident that … 显然
It can be shown that … 这表明
It has been proved that … 已经证明
It seems that … 看来
3.祈使语气
科技文献的又一特点是较多使用祈使语气,即所谓的公式化表达方式。这主要见于理论分析和算法推导等。
eg.14 Let the forward–path transfer function be given by the linear difference equation.
译文:设前向传递函数由下列线性差分方程给出。
eg.15 Consider the case of a linear,single-input single-output discrete system regulated by a discrete feedback controller.
译文:假设线性、单输入单输出离散系统由一个离散反馈控制器来调节。
eg.16 Action:Tranquilize anxiety and reinforce memory,nourish vigor and invigorate strength.
译文:功能:宁神益智,养心活血,滋补强身。
4. The more …, The more ….结构的句型
eg.17 The faster the data is transmitted,the greater the bandwidth will need to be to accommodate it
译文:数据传输速率越快,所需要的传输带宽越宽。
eg.18 The resistance being higher,the current in the circuit was lower.
译文:电阻越大,电路中通过的电流就越小。
5.否定句的翻译
英语表达否定有全部否定、部分否定、双重否定,分别以不同的否定词进行表达。
全部否定词:not, never, not…nor等。
部分否定词:not many, not much, not all, not every, not both, not some。
双重否定词:not, no, never, neither, nobody, nothing等与其他具有否定意义的词搭配。
还有一些词本身并非not, un-, dis-等,但也同样具有较强的否定意义,如few, too…to, but for, instead of, rather than等。
eg.19 Without electricity, a computer can not work.
译文:没有电,计算机就不能工作。
eg.20 Not all of these results are right.
译文:不是所有的结果都是正确的。
eg.21 Teletype,telex,and facsimile transmission are all methods for transmitting text rather than sounds.
译文:电传打字机,电报,传真都是用来传送文字而不是传送声音的技术。
eg.22 We cannot estimate the value of modern science enough.
译文:我们对现代科学的评价,无论怎样估计,都是不过分的。
eg.23 Both instruments are not precision ones.
译文:这两台仪器并不都是精密仪器。
eg.24 All these various losses,great as they are,do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy.
译文:所有这些各种各样的损耗,尽管它们的数量很大,但都没有违反能量守恒定律。
eg.25 The increase in mass is not appreciable until the velocity approaches that of light and therefore it ordinarily escapes detection.
译文:直到速度接近光速时,才能觉察到质量的增加,因此,通常很难检测出质量的变化。
eg.26 Aside from the fact that electrons are too small to be seen,we would find it impossible to count them as they flowed by.
译文:且不谈电子小得看不见这一事实,当电子从旁边流过,数一数它们都是不可能的。
6.倍数增减(包括比较)的汉译
科技英语中倍数增减句型究竟应当如何汉译,在我国翻译界中一直存在着争论。国内出版的一些语法书和工具书所持看法也不尽一致,这就影响了对这种句型的正确翻译。这个问题比较重要,数据上的一倍之差往往会造成不可估量的损失。
1) 倍数增加的译法。
英语中说“增加了多少倍”,都是连基数也包括在内的,是表示增加后的结果;而在汉语里所谓“增加了多少倍”,则只表示纯粹增加的数量。所以英语里凡表示倍数增加的句型,汉译时都可译成“是……的几倍”,或“比……增加(n-1)倍”。
eg.27 The production of various stereo recorders has been increased four times as against 1977.
译文:各种立体声录音机的产量比1977年增加了3倍。
eg.28 The output of color television receivers increased by a factor of 3 last year.
译文:去年彩色电视接收机的产量增加了2倍。
2) 倍数比较的译法。
(1)“n times + larger than + 被比较对象”,表示其大小“为……的n倍”,或“比……大n-1倍”。
eg.29 This thermal power plant is four times larger than that one.
译文:这个热电站比那个热电站大3倍。
(2)“n times + as + 原级 + as + 被比较对象”,表示“是……的n倍”。
eg.30 Iron is almost three times as heavy as aluminium.
译文:铁的重量几乎是铝的3倍。
3) 倍数减少的译法。
英语中一切表示倍数减少的句型,汉译时都要把它换成分数,而不能按照字面意义将其译成减少了多少倍。因为汉语是不用这种表达方式的,所以应当把它译成减少了几分之几,或减少到几分之几。我们所说的增减多少,指的都是差额,差额应当是以原来的数量为标准,而不能以减少后的数量作标准。英语表示倍数减少时第一种表达方式为:“……+减少意义的谓语 + by a factor of n或by n times”。这种表达法的意思是“成n倍地减少”,即减少前的数量为减少后的数。
eg.31 The automatic assembly line can shorten the assembling period(by)ten times.
译文:自动装配线能够将装配时间缩短为原来的1/10。
eg.32 This metal is three times as light as that one.
译文:这种金属比那种金属轻2/3。
eg.33 The dosage for a child is sometimes twice less than that for an adult.
译文:小孩的剂量有时为成年人剂量的1/3。或小孩的剂量有时比成年人的剂量少2/3。
7.隐含因果关系句的翻译
在科技英语中,表示因果关系的词和词组很多。最常见的有从属连词because、并列连词for、复合连词in that、普通介词from、短语介词due to等。这些表示因果关系的词或词组的意思一目了然,非常明显。而有些因果关系句并没有、也不需要明确地表达出来,而是隐含在某些句型或结构中、词语里或上下文内,间接地表现出来。如果不能很好地识别、理解这类隐含的因果关系句,译出来的句子就会层次不清、意义不明、逻辑性不强、让人费解。
1) 隐含在并列句中的因果关系。
在科技英语中,人们越来越多地使用并列句来表示原因和结果。这主要是因为在这种结构中,有的在逻辑上存在因果关系。可以是前因后果,也可以是前果后因。在译这样的并列句时,要把两个简单句合译为汉语的一个复合句,必要时可加上适当的表示因果关系的关联词。如:“因为,所以”等。
eg.34 Aluminium is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceship and it is both light and tough.
译文:铝用作制造飞机和宇宙飞船的工程材料,因为铝质轻而韧性好。(前果后因)
eg.35 Silicon does not occur in the free state in nature,and very few people have seen the pure substance.
译文:自然界中没有游离状态的硅,所以很少有人见过纯硅。(前因后果)
有时and之前用祈使句表示条件或假设,“祈使句+and”这是科技英语中常见的一种特殊结构,用祈使句表示条件,而用and连接的陈述句表示由此得出的结果。这一结构在语法上是并列复合句,但在意义上却是主从复合句,这里的祈使句相当于if引出的条件状语从句,后用陈述句表示结果或推论。翻译时可按条件从句处理,译成:“(只要)……就……”或“如果……就……”等。
eg.36 Wave your hand in front of your face,and you can feel the air moving.
译文:只要在自己面前挥动手,你就会感到空气在流动。
eg.37 Heat the test tube further,and a yellow gas will be seen to escape into the air.
译文:将试管进一步加热,就可以看到有一种黄色的气体逸到空气中。
2) 隐含在某些从句中的因果关系。
(1) 在定语从句中。
在科技英语中,有些定语从句跟主句之间的关系很复杂。有的定语从句(包括限制性和非限制性)对先行词限制修饰作用很弱,而起着状语的作用。这类定语从句中隐含着原因、结果等意义,如按其定语性质来对待,往往对原句的意思理解不清,引起费解。要仔细分析主句与从句之间的逻辑关系,把具有原因及结果职能的定语从句转换成适当的表示因果关系的状语从句译出,往往译成“由于……,所以……”、“因为”、“之所以……,是因为……”等。
eg.38 Electric wires are made of copper or some other metals.The reason they are is that electric currents flow readily through metals.
译文:电线由铜或某种其他金属制成。之所以采用这些金属,是因为它们导电性能较好。
eg.39 Aluminium,which possesses high conductivity of heat and electricity,finds wide application in industry.
译文:由于铝具有高度的导热性和导电性,所以在工业上得到广泛应用。
(2) 在状语从句中。
在科技英语中,从字面上看是时间、条件、比较、地点状语从句,但在逻辑意义上,这些从句有时隐含着因果关系。因此,对这些状语从句的翻译需转换成一个表示因果关系的偏正结构。
eg.40 The more intense the ionization of a region is, the more the energy will be refracted.
译文:电离越强烈的区域,对射频能量的折射也越严重。(比较状语从句表示因果关系)
eg.41 Why use copper when you can use aluminium?
译文:既然能用铝,为什么要用铜呢?(时间状语从句表示因果关系)
3) 隐含在某些结构或者句型中的因果关系。
(1)“there being + 名词”。
这是由there be句型构成的分词复合结构。名词是逻辑主语,位于逻辑谓语being之后,保留原来there be句型的倒装语序。这种复合结构隐含因果关系,译成汉语时常译成“因为”、“由于”等。
eg.42 There being no iron,people had to use stone for making tools.
译文:因为那时没有铁,人们只得用石头制造工具。
eg.43 There being a lot of problems to deal with,the scientists worked till midnight.
译文:由于有许多问题要研究,科学家们一直工作到午夜。
(2)“what with…and what with”。
what在这里是副词,相当于副词partly(部分地)。副词what与表示原因意义的介词with组成习惯用语,用来引出两个并列的原因状语。译成汉语时常译成“一方面由于……,一方面由于……”或“因为……和……的缘故”。
eg.44 What with lack of raw materials and what with shortage of labour,they just managed to fulfil the production quota.
译文:一方面由于原料缺乏,一方面由于劳力不足,他们好不容易才完成了生产定额。
eg.45 What with the weather and what with the heavy load board,this ship was late in getting to port .
译文:因为天气不好和负载过重的缘故,船抵港迟了。
(3)“in that”。
in与that构成短语连词隐含着因果关系,在意义上相当于because或since,连接状语从句。in that所说的原因范围比较窄,着重指某一方面的原因,属于庄重的文体,多用于正式的论述中。译成汉语时常译成“因为”、“既然”。
eg.46 All of above changes are alike,in that they do not produce new substances.
译文:上述所有的反应都相同,因为它们都没有产生新的物质。
eg.47 In that silver is expensive,it cannot be widely used as a conductor.
译文:由于银的成本很高,它就不可能被广泛地用作导体。
(4)“inasmuch as”。
这是一个短语连词,用来引导状语从句,其中就隐含有因果关系。其意义与because和since相同。但比较正式,现只用于书面语,所以在科技英语中能见到。译成汉语时常译成“因为”、“由于”、“既然”。
eg.48 Machining is not an economical method of producing a shape,inasmuch as good raw material is converted into scrap chips.
译文:机械加工不是一种经济的成形方法,因为它把宝贵的原材料变成了废屑。
eg.49 Inasmuch as the pressure increases with depth,there is a great pressure at the lower surface of the submerged body than at the upper surface.
译文:由于压力随深度而增加,所以浸入水中的物体的底面所受到的压力比顶面大。