Research on the Sense of Community in Schools:Retrospect and Prospect
（Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University，Chongqing, 400715, China）
（Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Ethnic Minorities, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China）
Abstract: Community psychology is a combination of sociology and clinical psychology of the new cross subject, focus on the relation between individual，community and society. Through mutual cooperation and common action research devoted to understanding and improving the quality of individual, community and social life. Community psychology is closely related to the life of every member of the community. However, the discipline is still in it's infancy in China. Many concepts, methods are mostly used for reference in the west. The sense of community is the perception of the similarity and interdependence of others, which is the emotion of an individual belonging to a stable structure（Sarason, 1974）. Learning and summarizing excellent community psychology articles can help us to further promote the development of this subject in our country. As one of the core concepts of community psychology, sense of community has a pivotal role in this field. This paper focuses on the sense of community in the context of school, and summarizes the concept, measurement, influencing factors and research significance. Sense of community in the school involves psychological conditions that promote students' survival, development, and mutual influence. As a special form of community，school is in the middle position of the community continuum. In the early stage, the main use of the measurement is Sense of Community Index（SCI）based on McMillan and Chavis' four elements of the theoretical model. Rovai et al.（2004）conducted a detailed survey of the sense of community in the context of the school，developed the Classroom Community Scale（CCS）and the Classroom and School Community Inventory（CSCI）, then distinguished the classroom community and learning community. In addition, there are some researchers used the Sense of School Belongingness（SSOC）and Classroom Sense of Community Scale（SoCC）to assess the level of sense of community for school community members. This paper probes into the influence factors of the sense of community in school from two aspects-the individual and the environment. On the one hand, the individual factors include personality traits, extracurricular activities, gender and other demographic variables. On the other hand, environmental factors include school size，school type, social support etc. Sense of community in school plays a key role in students' academic achievement and physical and mental health. Lack of sense of community can lead to many psychological problems. Combined with relevant literature, attention has also been devoted to recommendations of relevant educational institutions regarding how to implement measures and educational programs that cultivate students' sense of community to reduce their psychological and behavioral problems. For future sense of community surveys, researchers should consider whether associated scales are in accordance with subjects in the cultural and historical background and focus on how to develop and construct suitable measure for Chinese characteristics. The innovation of this paper is to summarized the sense of community at home and abroad in recent years, and pays special attention to school. And provided a new idea for school teachers and administrators on how to prevent the mental health of the students and student burnout.
Keywords: School; Community; Sense of Community; Mental Health
附录
1. Sense of Community Index（社区感指数）
Long, D. A., &Perkins, D. D.（2003）. Confirmatory factor analysis of the sense of community index and development of a brief SCI. Journal of Community Psychology,31（3）,279-296.
True/False正确/错误
（1）I think my block is a good place for me to live.
我认为这个社区很适合我居住。
（2）People on this block do not share the same values.
社区中的成员并没有共同的价值观念。
（3）My neighbors and I want the same things from the block.
我和我的邻居都想从社区中获得相似的东西。
（4）I can recognize most of the people who live on my block.
我认识社区中的大多数人。
（5）I feel at home on this block.
这个社区总能让我体验到家的感觉。
（6）Very few of my neighbors know me.
没有多少邻居了解我。
（7）I care about what my neighbors think of my actions.
我很关心邻居对我的看法。
（8）I have almost no influence over what this block is like.
我对这个社区几乎没有什么影响。
（9）If there is a problem on this block people who live here can get it solved.
如果社区有问题发生，住在社区的人会将其解决。
（10）It is very important to me to live on this particular block.
住在这个特殊的社区对我来说很重要。
（11）People on this block generally don't get along with each other.
这个社区的人通常不与其他人相处。
（12）I expect to live on this block for a long time.
我期待在这个社区生活很长一段时间。
2. The Classroom and School Community Inventory（课堂与学校社区问卷）
Rovai, A. P., Wighting, M. J., & Lucking, R.（2004）. The classroom and school community inventory: Development, refinement, and validation of a self-report measure for educational research. Internet&Higher Education,7（4），263-280.
Classroom form
Directions: Below you will see a series of statements concerning a specific course you are presently aking or recently completed. Read each statement carefully. Place an X in the parentheses to the right of the statement that comes closest to indicate how you feel about the course. You may use a pencil or pen.
There are no correct or incorrect responses. If you neither agree nor disagree with a statement or are uncertain, place an X in the neutral（N）area. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but give the response that seems to describe how you feel. Please respond to all items.
Strongly agree（完全同意）, agree（同意）, Neutral（中立）, Disagree（不同意）, Strongly disagree（完全不同意）。
指导语：接下来你将会看到一系列有关你最近正在进行或完成的具体课程的陈述。请认真阅读每条陈述。在每条陈述右边的括号里选择最接近你想法的选项并标记“×”。你可以使用铅笔或钢笔，答案无正确好坏之分。如果你对某项表述不是十分确定，请选择中立。在每项陈述上不用花太多时间，但请选出最接近你想法的选项。请完成所有项目。
（1）I feel that students in this course care about each other.
我认为课程中的学生互相关心。
（2）I feel that I receive timely feedback in this course.
我认为我在课程中获得了及时的反馈。
（3）I feel connected to others in this course.
我在课程中与他人紧密联系。
（4）I feel that this course results in only modest learning.
我认为课程的学习效果一般。
（5）I trust others in this course.
我信任课程中的其他人。
（6）I feel that I am given ample opportunities to learn in this course.
我认为在课程中我有大量的机会来学习。
（7）I feel that I can rely on others in this course.
我认为我可以依赖课程中的其他人。
（8）I feel that my educational needs are not being met in this course.
我认为我的教育需求并没有在课程中得到满足。
（9）I feel confident that others in this course will support me.
我有信心课程中的其他人会支持我。
（10）I feel that this course does not promote a desire to learn.
我认为课程并没有促进我学习的欲望。
School form
Directions: Below you will see a series of statements concerning life at your school at large. Read each statement carefully. Place an X in the parentheses to the right of the statement that comes closest to indicate how you feel about school life. You may use a pencil or pen. There are no correct or incorrect responses. If you neither agree nor disagree with a statement or are uncertain, place an X in the neutral（N）area. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but give the response that seems to describe how you feel. Please respond to all items.
Strongly agree（完全同意）, agree（同意）, Neutral（中立）, Disagree（不同意）, Strongly disagree（完全不同意）。
指导语：接下来你将会看到一系列有关对你最近学校生活的陈述。请认真阅读每条陈述。在每条陈述右边的括号里选择最接近你想法的选项并标记“×”。你可以使用铅笔或钢笔，答案无正确好坏之分。如果你对某项表述不是十分确定，请选择中立。在每项陈述上不用花太多时间，但请选出最接近你想法的选项。请完成所有项目。
（1）I have friends at this school to whom I can tell anything.
我在学校里有知无不言的朋友。
（2）I feel that this school satisfies my educational goals.
我觉得学校满足了我的教育目标。
（3）I feel that I matter to other students at this school.
我与学校中的其他人密切相关。
（4）I feel that this school gives me ample opportunities to learn.
我认为学校给予了我充足的学习机会。
（5）I feel close to others at this school.
学校中的其他人让我感到很亲密。
（6）I feel that this school does not promote a desire to learn.
我认为学校并没有促进我学习的欲望。
（7）I regularly talk to others at this school about personal matters.
我时常与学校中的其他人谈论私事。
（8）I share the educational values of others at this school.
我与学校中的其他人分享教育价值观。
（9）I feel that I can rely on others at this school.
我可以依赖学校中的其他人。
（10）I am satisfied with my learning at this school.
我很满意我在学校中的学习。
3．学校归属感量表（Psychological Sense of School Membership Scale，PSSM）
Goodenow, C.（1993）. The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools,30（1）,79-90.
这是一份学校归属感量表，针对如下的每一个问题，根据你的情况来进行选择，数字1—6代表的含义如下：1完全不同意，2不同意，3基本不同意，4基本同意，5同意，6完全同意。
（1）I feel like a real part of（name of school）.
我感觉自己好像这所学校的一分子。
（2）People here notice when I'm good at something.
学校的人留意到我善于做某一方面的事情。
（3）It is hard for people like me to be accepted here.（reversed）.
这所学校很难接受我这种学生。
（4）Other students in this school take my opinions seriously.
这所学校的其他同学认真地采纳我的意见。
（5）Most teachers at（name of school）are interested in me.
学校大部分老师对我感兴趣。
（6）Sometimes I feel as if I don't belong to here.（reversed）.
有时我感觉我好像不属于这所学校。
（7）There's at least one teacher or other adult in this school I can talk to if I have a problem.
当我有困难时，在学校里至少有一个老师或成年人是我能向他倾诉的。
（8）People at this school are friendly to me.
学校里的人对我很友善。
（9）Teachers here are not interested in people like me.（reversed）.
学校里的老师对我这种人不感兴趣。
（10）I am included in lots of activities at（name of school）.
我在学校里参与了很多活动。
（11）I am treated with as much respect as other students.
我得到了和其他同学一样的尊重。
（12）I feel very different from most other students here.
在学校，我感觉与大部分同学很不一样。
（13）I can really be myself at this school.
在学校里我能做真实的自己。
（14）The teachers here respect me.
学校的老师尊重我。
（15）People here know I can d o good work.
学校的人知道我能把工作做好。
（16）I wish I were in a different school.（reversed）.
我希望我是在另一所学校就读。
（17）I feel proud of belonging to（name of school）.
我对于属于这所学校而感到自豪。
（18）Other students here like me the way I am.
学校的其他同学喜欢我做事的方式。
4. Classroom Sense of Community Scale（课堂社区感量表）
Rovai, A. P.（2002）. Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. Internet & Higher Education,5（3）,197-211.
Directions: Below, you will see a series of statements concerning a specific course or program you are presently taking or have recently completed. Read each statement carefully and place an X in the parentheses to the right of the statement that comes closest to indicate how you feel about the course or program. You may use a pencil or pen. There are no correct or incorrect responses. If you neither agree nor disagree with a statement or are uncertain, place an X in the neutral（N）area. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but give the response that seems to describe how you feel. Please respond to all items.
Strongly agree（完全同意）, agree（同意）, Neutral（中立）, Disagree（不同意）, Strongly disagree（完全不同意）。
指导语：接下来你将会看到一系列有关你最近正在进行或完成的具体课程的陈述。请认真阅读每条陈述。在每条陈述右边的括号里选择最接近你想法的选项并标记“×”。你可以使用铅笔或钢笔，答案无正确好坏之分。如果你对某项表述不是十分确定，请选择中立。在每项陈述上不用花太多时间，但请选出最接近你想法的选项。请完成所有项目。
（1）People in this class support each other.
班上的同学们相互支持。
（2）This class gives me the opportunity to do many things.
班级给予了我很多学习的机会。
（3）This is a good class.
这是一个优秀的班级。
（4）Everyone appreciates and loves the class environment.
每个人都十分欣赏和爱护班级环境。
（5）People in this class collaborate.
同学们相互合作。
（6）People in this class work together to make things better.
同学们一起工作解决问题。
（7）In this class there is a willingness to help one another.
班上的同学们愿意相互帮助。
（8）People in this class are an important source of moral support to me.
对我来说，班上的同学是一种重要的精神支持。
（9）I feel I belong to this class.
我属于这个班级。
（10）I think I have a lot in common with my classmates.
我认为我和同学们有很多共同点。
（11）In this class, when I want I can find someone to talk to.
在班上，当我有需要的时候我能找到可以倾诉的人。
（12）The most of my“real”friends are in this class.
我的大多数真朋友都在这个班上。
（13）If I need help I can speak to someone in this class.
当我需要的时候我可以寻求班上任何一个人的帮助。
（14）In this class there are people who know how to be close to me when I need it.
当我需要的时候班上有人知道如何安慰我。
（15）Here I feel secure.
在这里我感觉很安全。
（16）In this class, people look for each other and want to be together.
在班级里，人们相互照顾不离不弃。
（17）I spend a lot of time with my classmates.
我大多数时间和同学们待在一起。
（18）I like to stay with my classmates.
我喜欢和同学们待在一起。
（19）This class, compared to others, has many positive aspects.
比起其他班级，这个班级有很多积极的方面。
（20）There are activities that young people can do in this class.
班级里有很多年轻人的活动。
（21）In this class there are enough initiatives aimed at young people like me.
像我一样的年轻人在班上有足够的主动权。
（22）I think that people here have the potential to change the things that do not work.
我认为这里的人有潜力改变无用的东西。
（23）In this class it is easy to find information about things that interest young people like me.
在这个班里很容易找到像我一样的年轻人感兴趣的东西。
（24）If we were given the opportunity I guess that we students could organize something nice for this class.
我想如果有机会，同学们可以为班级组织一些好的东西。
（25）If in this class we organize we have a good chance to achieve our desired objectives.
如果我们在自己组织的班级里，就更有可能获得我们想要的东西。
（26）In the end I believe that if we work harder we could have the chance to make things better for young people like us.
最后我认为如果我们一起努力工作就能战胜困难。