II　Useful Expressions

New Words and Phrases

1.antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/ n.（pl.-ies）the ancient past，especially the times of the Greeks and Romans 古代

2.acupuncture /ˈækjupʌŋktʃə（r）/ n.a Chinese method of treating pain and illness using special thin needles which are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body 针刺疗法

3.moxibustion /ˌmɒksɪˈbʌstʃən/ n. a method of treatment，originally in Chinese medicine，in which a moxa is burned on the skin 灸法

4.cupping therapy拔罐

5.skin scraping /ˈskreɪpɪŋ/ 刮痧

6.herb /hɜ：b/ n. a plant whose leaves，flowers or seeds are used to flavour food，in medicines or for their pleasant smell药草

7.physician /fɪˈzɪʃn/ n. a doctor，especially one who is a specialist in general medicine and not surgery（尤指）内科医生

8.monograph /ˈmɒnəɡrɑːf/ n. a detailed written study of a single subject，usually in the form of a short book 专论；专著

9.extant /ekˈstænt/ adj.（of sth very old）still in existence 尚存的；现存的

10.materia medica /məˈtɪərɪə ˈmɛdɪkə/ n. the body of remedial substances used in the practice of medicine本草

11.anesthesia /ˌænɪsˈθiːzɪə/ n.麻醉

12.pathology /pəˈθɒlədʒi/ n. the scientific study of diseases 病理学

13.exogenous /ekˈsɒdʒənəs/ adj. having a cause that is outside the body 外源性的

14.purgation /pɜ：ˈɡeɪʃən/ n. the act of purging or state of being purged；purification 通便，催泻

15.pestilence /ˈpɛstɪləns/ n. any disease that spreads quickly and kills a lot of people 瘟疫

16.infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ adj. an infectious disease can be passed easily from one person to another，especially through the air they breathe 传染性的

17.epidemic /epɪˈdemɪk/ n. a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community 流行病

18.etiology /i：tɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ n. the etiology of a disease or a problem is the study of its causes 病原学

19.meditation/ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn/ n. the practice of thinking deeply in silence，especially for religious reasons or in order to make your mind calm 冥想；沉思

20.massage /ˈmæsɑːʒ/ n. the action of rubbing and pressing a person’s body with the hands to reduce pain in the muscles and joints 按摩

21.healthy qi正气

22.dietetic /ˌdaɪəˈtetɪk/ therapy食疗

23.physiotherapy /ˌfɪziəʊˈθerəpi/ n. the treatment of disease，injury or weakness in the joints or muscles by exercises，massage and the use of light and heat 理疗

24.radiotherapy /ˌreɪdiəʊˈθerəpi/ n. the treatment of disease by radiation 放射疗法

25.chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθerəpi/ n. the treatment of disease，especially cancer，with the use of chemical substances 化疗

26.health-care /ˈhelθ ker/ 保健

27.incise /ɪnˈsaɪz/ vt. to cut words，designs，etc.into a surface 切入

28.porcelain /ˈpɔːsəlɪn/ n. a hard white shiny substance made by baking clay and used for making delicate cups，plates and decorative objects 瓷；瓷器

29.calabash /ˈkæləbæʃ/ n.葫芦果

Sentence Patterns

● How to introduce the development of Chinese medicine and their works

1.The origin of TCM（traditional Chinese medicine）can be traced back to remote antiquity in China.

2.Traditional Chinese medicine is created by Chinese people.It is a subject that studies human physiology，pathology，treatment and prevention of diseases.

3.Traditional Chinese medicine is the summary of the experience and knowledge from ancient Chinese people fighting against diseases.

4.The acupuncture of TCM has good reputation in the global world.

5.Based on the theory of yin and yang and five elements，traditional Chinese medicine regards human body as the unity of qi，physical body and spirit.

6.TCM applies the four diagnostic methods to inspect patients.

7.Due to the “Belt and Road Initiative”，Chinese authorities are paying more attention to the development of TCM.

8.During the period of fighting against COVID-19 in 2020，Chinese medicine has played an important role in the treatment.

9.TCM has now been widely recognized and applied in different countries.

● How to introduce famous doctors of Chinese medicine and their works

1.The legend of Shennong tasted a hundred kinds of herbs in a day，and he experienced seventy kinds of poisons shows the devotion of Shennong to the development of TCM.

2.In the late Eastern Han Dynasty（25-220 AD），the eminent physician Zhang Zhongjing wrote a book called Classic on Medical Problemsbased upon the Huangdi's Internal Classic.

3.The Huangdi's Internal Classic explained the laws of life and the unity of the body with the natural world.

4.The Essentials from the Golden Cabinet used the theory of disease processes in the zangand fu to formulate the classification and diagnosis of diseases.

5.Shennong's Classic of Materia Medicais the oldest monograph extant in China.This work summarized descriptions of 365 distinct Chinese herbs，and classified them into three grades：superior，medium and inferior.It systematically summed up the knowledge and experiences of people in the Qin and Han dynasties，and also exerted important influence on the subsequent development in the field of Chinese materia medica.

6.Zhang Zhongjing，a famous physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty proposed eight kinds of treatment methods based on “Eight Principles”（yin and yang，exterior and interior，deficiency and excess，cold and heat）.

7.Hua Tuo was a famous doctor in surgery and anesthesia.He invented the “Fiveanimal Exercise”，a kind of body-building exercise from imitating the movements of five kinds animals such as tiger，deer，bear，ape and bird.

8.Huangfu Mi compiled his A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion，the oldest extant monograph in China on acupuncture and moxibustion.

9.Wang Shuhe compiled the book Pulse Classic which summarized the 24 kinds of pulse manifestations relating to the principal diseases and systematized the theory of the pulse.

10.During the Sui Dynasty（581-618 AD），Chao Yuanfang and his colleagues compiled their Treatise on the Causes and Manifestations of Various Diseases.This was TCM’s first monograph of pathology.

● TCM Literature Works

● How to introduce different medical schools and their propositions：

（1）Liu Wansu— the school of cooling.He emphasized the usage of herbal drugs cold and cool in nature because the “six exogenous” factors all arise from fire and “five emotions in excess would turn into fire”.

（2）Zhang Congzheng— the school of purgation.He believed that all diseases were caused by “evil factors”.Once the pathogenic factors were expelled，the normal conditions of the body would naturally be restored.

（3）Li Gao— the school of strengthening the spleen and stomach.He thought that diseases，apart from external causes，were mainly brought about by internal injury of the spleen and stomach，and advocating cure by building up and regulating the spleen and stomach.

（4）Zhu Danxi— the school of nourishing yin.He said “the body often has more than enough yang but not enough yin”.So，he emphasized the principle of nourishing yin and reducing fire for treatment of diseases.

（5）Traditional Chinese medicine is the treasure of Chinese civilization.We should promote the integration of production，teaching and research，the industrialization and modernization of Chinese medicine，and bring the Chinese medicine into the world.

（6）Treatise on Pestilence was written by Wu Youke in the Ming Dynasty.He was the first person who put forward “pestilential qi” and believed that the infectious epidemic diseases were caused neither by wind，cold，summer heat nor damp，but a kind of evil qi in the nature which invaded the body through the mouth and nose rather than from the body surface.His idea made a breakthrough in the development of etiology for infectious febrile diseases.