美国国家安全战略的转变
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四 本书安排

从结构安排上,本书主要分为以下几个部分。在导论部分,主要是提出本书的研究问题,并对学术界已有的研究进行文献综述,然后简单概要本书的基本研究思路。第一章是本书的理论构建部分,其主要内容是对美国外交决策过程,尤其是威胁的评估过程进行归纳和抽象,在此基础上构建了一个美国威胁评估的双向互动理论和次序传递理论。第二章主要讨论了2006年至2011年美国自军方到文官、从社会到总统对美国国家安全战略的讨论,解释了美国为什么最终选择了以反恐战争为战略重心的决策过程。第三章主要是分析2009年至2015年美国国内的威胁认知,以及这种认知对美国国家安全战略的影响,即美国为什么选择兼顾打赢反恐战争和应对大国挑战,但是在前期重心更多是在反恐战争,而后期更多是在应对大国挑战。第四章探讨了2015年后美国国家战略的大调整,这一章致力于解释为何特朗普政府以后将大国视为战略竞争对手,并且致力于加强军备,在军事上积极应对大国的挑战。


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[6]David Petraeus,“Learning Counterinsurgency:Observations from Soldiering in Iraq,”Military Review,Vol.86,No.1,2006,pp.2-12.

[7]对美国向伊拉克增兵的讨论,参见Peter D.Feaver,“The Right to Be Right:Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge Decision,”International Security,Vol.35,No.4,2011,pp.87-125。

[8]The White House,National Security Strategy 2010,Washington,D.C.,May 2010.

[9]美国重返亚洲战略有几个具有代表性的时间节点。奥巴马在2009年11月14日访问日本,在东京发表演讲并阐述美国的亚洲政策,奥巴马表示会积极参与亚洲事务,参见Barack Obama,“Remarks by President Barack Obama at Suntory Hall,”Suntory Hall,Tokyo,Japan,November 14,2009(https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-suntory-hall);2010年 1月 12日,希拉里(Hillary Clinton)在夏威夷檀香山发表演讲,阐述美国重返亚洲的外交政策,参见Hillary Clinton,“Remarks on Regional Architecture in Asia:Principles and Priorities,”Honolulu,Hawaii,January 12,2010(https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/01/135090.htm);2010年1月21日,科特·坎贝尔(Kurt M.Campbell)在参议院的听证会上提出美国介入亚太事务的原则,参见 Kurt M.Campbell,“Principles of U.S.Engagement in the Asia-Pacific,”Testimony before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs,Senate Foreign Relations Committee,Washington,D.C.,January 21,2010(http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2010/01/134168.htm)。

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[43][美]兰德尔·施韦勒:《没有应答的威胁:均势的政治制约》,刘丰、陈永译,北京大学出版社2015年版。

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[52][美]托马斯·谢林:《军备及其影响》,毛瑞鹏译,上海人民出版社2011年版;[美]托马斯·谢林:《冲突的战略》,赵华等译,华夏出版社2006年版;[美]托马斯·谢林:《承诺的策略》,王永钦、薛峰译,上海人民出版社2009年版;James Fearon,“Rationalist Explanations for War,”International Organization,Vol.49,No.3,1995,pp.379-414。中国学者也有一些研究,请参见蒲晓宇《地位信号、多重观众与中国外交再定位》,《外交评论》2014年第2 期;尹继武《诚意信号表达与中国外交的战略匹配》,《外交评论》2015年第3期。

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[54]对观众成本如何影响战略行为的代表性讨论,参见James D.Fearon,“Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes,”The American Political Science Review,Vol.88,No.3,1994,pp.577-592;Kenneth A.Schultz,Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004;林民旺:《选择战争:基于规避损失的战争决策理论》,世界知识出版社2010年版。

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[58][美]罗伯特·杰维斯:《国际政治中的知觉与错误知觉》,秦亚青译,世界知识出版社2003年版。中国学者的一些研究,参见邱美荣《威胁认知与朝核危机》,《当代亚太》2005年第6期;刘新华、秦仪《威胁认知:美国对中国发展的错误知觉》,《现代国际关系》2006年第6期。

[59]尹继武:《认知心理学在国际关系研究中的应用:进步及其问题》,《外交评论》2006年第4期。

[60]冯惠云:《防御性的中国战略文化》,《国际政治科学》2005年第4 期;Huiyun Feng,Chinese Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Decision-Making:Confucianism,Leadership and War,London and New York:Routledge,2007;Huiyun Feng,“Is China a Revisionist Power?”The Chinese Journal of International Politics,Vol.2,No.3,2009,pp.313-334.

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[67]Barry O’Neill,Honor,Symbols,and War,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1999.

[68]Leonie Huddy,Stanley Feldman,Charles Taber and Gallya Lahav,“Threat,Anxiety,and Support of Antiterrorism Polices,”American Journal of Political Science,Vol.49,No.3,2005,pp.593-608;尹继武:《国际政治心理学研究的新进展:基本评估》,《国外理论动态》2016年第1期;尹继武:《诚意信号表达与中国外交的战略匹配》,《外交评论》2015年第3期。

[69]Shiping Tang,“Fear in International Politics:Two Positions,”International Studies Review,Vol.10,No.3,2008,pp.451-471.

[70]和解是中外学术界研究的热点话题,代表性的研究参见 William Long and Peter Brecke,War and Reconciliation:Reason and Emotion in Conflict Resolution,Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press,2003;Jennifer Lind,Sorry States:Apologies in International Politics,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,2008;Yinan He,The Search for Reconciliation:Sino-Japanese and Germany-Polish Relations after WWII,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009;Lin Ren,Rationality and Emotion:Comparative Studies of the Franco-German and Sino-Japanese Reconciliations,Berlin:Springer VS,2014;沈志华、李丹慧:《中美和解与中国对越外交(1971-1973)》,《美国研究》2000年第1 期;唐世平:《和解与无政府状态的再造:基于六部作品的批判性综述》,《国际政治科学》2012年第1 期;吕蕊:《和解政治与联邦德国—以色列建交》,《欧洲研究》2013年第4 期;王高阳:《理解国际关系中的“和解”:一个概念性框架》,《世界经济与政治》2016年第2期。

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[72]Ted Hopf,Social Construction of Foreign Policy:Identities and Foreign Policies,Moscow,1955 and 1999,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,2002.

[73]David Rousseau,Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities:The Social Construction of Realism and Liberalism,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2006;David Rousseau and Rocio Garcia-Retamero,“Identity,Power,and Threat Perception:A Cross-National Experimental Study,”Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.51,No.5,2007,pp.744-771.

[74]聂文娟:《东盟对华的身份定位与战略分析》,《当代亚太》2015年第1期。

[75]陆伟:《荣誉偏执、身份迷思与日本战略偏好的转向》,《当代亚太》2016年第4期。

[76]Barry R.Posen,The Source of Military Doctrine:France,Britain,and Germany between the World Wars,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1984.

[77]Elizabeth Kier,Imagining War:French and British Military Doctrine between Wars,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1997.

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[79]Jack L.Snyder,The Ideology of Offensive:Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1984;Barry R.Posen,Inadvertent Escalation:Conventional War and Nuclear Risks,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1992;Mark L.Haas,The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics,1789-1989,Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,2005.对军事组织文化对国家行为的研究,参见Jeffrey W.Legro,“Military Culture and Inadvertent Escalation in World War II,”International Security,Vol.18,No.4,Spring 1994,pp.108-142;Jeffrey W.Legro,“Which Norms Matter?Revisiting the‘Failure’of Internationalism,”International Organization,Vol.51,No.1,1997,pp.35-38。

[80]João Resende-Santos,Neorealism,States,and the Modern Mass Army,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007;左希迎:《新精英集团、制度能力与国家的军事效仿行为》,《世界经济与政治》2010年第10期;Burak Kadercan,“Strong Armies,Slow Adaptation:Civil-Military Relations and the Diffusion of Military Power,”International Security,Vol.38,No.3,2013/2014,pp.117-152.

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