2.4 主要工程地质问题 Main engineering geological considerations

（1）水库区 Reservoir area

水库调查 reservoir investigation（survey）

人类活动 human activity

人为污染 man-made pollution

人文因素 human factor

古文化遗址 historic culture site，archeological area

自然保护区 nature conservation area（nature reverse）

自然景观 natural landscape

矿产资源 mineral resources

蓄水 impounding，impoundment

初次蓄水 initial impounding，initial filling

壅高水位 backwater level

壅水长度 backwater length

水库淹没 reservoir inundation，reservoir submergence

水库浸没 reservoir immersion

耕种土 agricultural soil，cultivated soil

耕作层 plough horizon

根系层 root zone

毛细上升高度 capillary rise

临界地下水埋深 critical depth of groundwater table

漂凌 drift ice

水库渗漏 reservoir leakage

永久渗漏 permanent leakage

暂时渗漏 temporary leakage

邻谷渗漏 leakage to adjacent valley

河间地块渗漏 leakage through interfluve

水库坍岸 reservoir bank-collapse，reservoir bank ruin

安息角（休止角） angle of repose

岸边侵蚀 bank erosion

岸边淤积 bank deposit，inwash

水库诱发地震 reservoir induced earthquake

触发因素 triggering factor

（2）坝址区 Dam site area

坝基 dam foundation

坝肩 abutment

基坑涌水 water gushing in foundation pit

坝基渗流 seepage of dam foundation

坝基渗漏 leakage through dam foundation

绕坝渗漏 bypassing leakage，leakage around dam abutment

坝下淘刷 scour beneath dam

抗滑稳定 stability against sliding

深层抗滑稳定 sliding stability in deep layer

浅层抗滑稳定 sliding stability in shallow layer

软弱夹层抗滑稳定 sliding stability along weak intercalation

下游消能区 downstream energy dissipation area

泄流水雾 water spray created by flood discharge

冲坑淘刷 pool scouring

溯源淘刷 retrogressive scouring，head ward scouring

地基 foundation，subgrade

地基沉降 foundation settlement

不均匀沉降 differential settlement，unequal settlement

初始（瞬时）沉降 initial settlement，immediate settlement

固结沉降 consolidation settlement

次固结沉降 secondary consolidation settlement

最终沉降量 ultimate settlement

沉降计算经验系数 empirical coefficient of settlement calculation

地基隆起 foundation upthrow，foundation upheaval

压缩变形 compressive deformation

剪切变形 shear deformation

冲剪 punching shear

边坡 slope

自然边坡 natural slope

水平坡 horizontal slope

顺向坡 dip slope，consequent slope

反向坡 adverse slope，reversal slope

坡体结构类型 type of slope structure

层状同向结构 consequent bedding structure

层状反向结构 reverse bedding structure

层状横向结构 transverse bedding structure

层状斜向结构 oblique bedding structure

层状平叠结构 horizontal bedding structure

稳定未变形边坡 stable and undeformed slope

变形边坡 deforming slope

边坡开裂 slope cracking

边坡坍塌（坍坡） slope failure，slope collapse

边坡地质模型 slope structure model

底切岸坡，淘蚀岸坡 undercut slope

坍岸，岸坡表层坍落 bank sloughing

潜在不稳定体 potential instable rock mass

局部失稳 local instability

渐进破坏 progressive failure

蠕滑-拉裂 creep sliding-tensile fracture

滑移-压致拉裂 sliding-compressive generated tensile fracture

滑移-弯曲 sliding-buckling

弯曲-拉裂 bending-tensile fracture

塑流-拉裂 plastic flow-tensile fracture

高速滑坡 high speed landslide

自我润滑机制 self-lubricating mechanism

碎屑流机制 clastic flow mechanism

气垫机制 air-cusion mechanism

流土 soil flow

管涌 piping

砂沸 sand boiling

接触流土 soil flow on contact surface

接触管涌 piping on contact surface

接触冲刷 contact scouring

潜蚀 internal scour，underground corrosion

淘刷 scouring

淤堵 clogging

隧洞 tunnel

洞室群 cavern complex，underground complex

傍山隧洞 mountainside tunnel

傍山深路堑 deep cut in hillside

越岭隧洞 mountain tunnel

深埋隧洞 deep buried tunnel

地下洞室 underground cavern

超前导洞 pilot heading

超前孔 guide hole

洞顶 crown，roof

边墙 side wall

洞脸塌方 portal collapse

拱顶塌落 crown collapse

边墙塌落 side wall collapse

松动圈 relaxation zone

冒顶 roof fall

劈裂剥落，片帮 splitting and peeling off，scaling

掉块 fallouts

临时悬吊松动岩石 false hanging loose rock

径缩变形 radial contracting deformation

围岩膨胀内鼓 swelling out of surrounding rock

底板隆起 bottom heaving

地面下沉 land subsidence

塑性挤出 plastic squeezing out

岩爆 rock burst

岩石崩出 blowout

渗水 water seeps

进水 water influx

涌水 water gushing，inrush of water

突水 water bursting

突泥 mud eruption

瓦斯突出 gas burst

有害气体 harmful gas

有毒气体 poisonous gas，toxic gas