第1类衔接手段：明连接

（直接用连接词来行文衔接）

明确使用连接词这种衔接手段来写supporting sentences的好处是：可以明白无误地告诉examiner“你瞪大眼睛看清楚了，我可真的是在进行展开论证呢”，让考官心里很“踏实”。

同时，Pat必须提醒中国同学们注意的是：如果过于频繁地使用连接词（over-use of linking words），则会显得刻意甚至卖弄，过犹不及（对这个“老大难问题”的有效解决办法我们将在今天的后两节里学习）。

方法1 因果展开

因果展开 实例：

例1

分论点：The youth employment rate remains high.

它的支持句：

As a result, many students are worried that they will not be able to find employment after graduation.

用法说明： as a result表示“因此”，在官方范文里常用于句首，而且在它的后面通常会跟一个逗号：

Government funding for space research is decreasing. As a result, many space research programmes are under-funded.

例2

分论点：The Internet is the key to the knowledge and information available in the world.

它的支持句：

Therefore, it is important that children learn to use the equipment with confidence.

用法说明： therefore表示“因而”，在学术写作里用在句首或者句子前部较多

方法2 举例展开

举例展开 实例：

例1

分论点：Governments can reduce traffic in big cities by improving public transport.

它的支持句：

More efficient and reliable public transport can attract car owners to use it instead of driving their own cars. For example, if better underground train systems are built and maintained in large cities, then traffic on the roads will be reduced.

用法说明：在雅思作文里，For example一般出现在句首，后面紧跟一个逗号。地道英文里另一个常用来“举栗子”的短语For instance，也是这样用的

例2

分论点：Children need to develop their social skills.

它的支持句：

A good way for them to do this is through group activities such as team sports and group games.

语法：

such as不能出现在句首，而且它后面只能跟用名词或者名词短语表述的例子，而不能跟用动词或者从句表达的例子

《剑14例句》： Employees who commute to work are encouraged to use public transport, such as buses and underground trains.

方法3 对比展开

对比展开 实例：

例1

分论点：People today are less active than they used to be.

它的支持句：

Many adults relax by watching television or browsing the Internet, while children play video games instead of playing outdoor sports.

短语：中国同学们都爱用surf the Internet来表示上网，其实browse the Internet在地道英文里也是对上网的一种常见表达

用法说明： while的作用是句内对比，也就是形成一个句子里的从句和主句之间的对比。请注意：while的后面不能紧跟逗号

例2

分论点：Young people who go directly from school to university have limited experience of the world.

它的支持句：

By contrast, those who spend time travelling to other places have a broader view of life.

用法说明： By contrast的作用是跨句对比，也就是形成两个完整句子之间的对比。同时请注意：By contrast的后面总是紧跟一个逗号

方法4 类比展开

类比展开 实例：

分论点：Pupils in those schools have the opportunity to choose subjects freely.

它的支持句：

For example, a higher proportion of girls study science when they attend girls' schools. Similarly, boys in single-sex schools are more likely to study languages.

用法说明： similarly表示“类似地”，它常用在句首，而且Similarly的后面通常都有一个逗号

句型：are likely to … 是雅思作文里的高频句型，表示“很有可能会 ……”，相应地are more likely to … 就是“更可能会 ……”

方法5 让步展开

让步展开 实例：

实例

分论点：Some advertising companies produce advertisements with famous actors or singers.

它的支持句：

Many people buy products that their favourite actors or singers advertise, although they do not really need the products.

用法说明: although标识“尽管”，后面跟从句

方法6 假设展开

假设展开 实例：

例1

分论点：Car companies should help people to better understand electric cars（电动汽车）.

它的支持句：

If they know that electric cars can save money for them in the long term, many of them will buy electric cars instead of traditional cars.

用法说明：在雅思作文里，if用于句首或者句子中部都很常见

例2

分论点：Government funding for public art projects should be continued.

它的支持句：

Without the funding, cities and towns would become less interesting and attractive.

用法说明：Without … , … would …表示“如果没有…… , …… 将会 ……”

方法7 下定义展开

IELTS写作里所说的下定义不是像维基百科里那么严格的定义，只是对某一概念的个人见解。

下定义展开 实例：

例1

分论点：Some children are allowed to have whatever they want.

它的支持句：

This means that they grow up without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.

用法说明：在IELTS作文里下定义时只要提出自己认为正确的见解就可以，不用听起来像“人生导师”或者“意见领袖”

语法：

在This means that后面不能“手滑”加一个逗号，否则会导致语法错误甚至考官误读。例如：

When secondary school students do volunteer work, they need to work with different kinds of people.This means that（这里如果画蛇添足地加了逗号，就是一个语法错误）they can improve their social skills and make more friends.

例2

分论点：The difference between people who are trained to play a sport and those who become good players is natural talent.

它的支持句：

In other words, natural talent cannot be taught, no matter how hard the children practice.

用法说明：把In other words，（换句话说）用在句首，也是对前一句话进行解释

方法8 限定范围展开

限定范围展开实例：

实例

分论点：Transporting food across countries wastes energy and pollutes the air.

它的支持句：

Specifically, trucks that transport food to other countries use large amounts of fossil fuels. This means that they increase greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to global warming.

用法说明： Specifically, …“具体来说，……”