五 结语
朝鲜半岛地区地缘政治格局的无规则状态和信任困境的长期存在,决定了朝鲜这个国家有太多的不安全感,同时,限于朝鲜自身的综合国力和体制潜力,朝鲜在未来相当长一段时期内不太可能具备对韩美两国的完全威慑能力,因此不对称威慑战略作为一种非正常威慑仍将是朝鲜未来安全战略的基轴。从朝鲜第三次核试验后的一系列情况综合来看,通过以发展核武器和远程导弹、火炮及特种部队等一系列不对称作战能力作为后盾,朝鲜利用以战争边缘策略为重要特征的不对称威慑战略遏阻韩美两国的军事威胁,并企图促使国际社会接受朝鲜的安全、经济和外交诉求。未来朝鲜不对称威慑战略中核威慑的成分可能会增加,这可能会给美国在朝鲜半岛进行军事干预和介入带来更多的压力。
需要注意的是,朝鲜当前的主要目标是实现从事实拥核向法理拥核的转变,争取国际社会对其有核国家地位的承认,挑起一场大规模战争并不符合朝鲜的国家利益与政策导向,因此朝鲜半岛未来发生大规模军事冲突的可能性相对较小,但会呈现紧张对立和缓和妥协相互交替的局面。不过,朝鲜的目标虽然并非是要挑起一场大规模战争,但它在不对称威慑战略中过度使用战争边缘策略对东北亚地区安全与稳定的威胁极大,而且伴随着朝鲜核技术的发展,一个以核威慑为主要内容的不对称威慑战略将给这一地区、国家的和平与发展带来更大的压力。中国政府需要重视这一点,并作出相应的危机管控预案。未来中国政府应该以维护半岛和平为根本目标,坚持对话解决朝核问题,联合韩国等国推进朝鲜半岛的信任进程,更重要的是把六方会谈转变为东北亚地区的安全治理与合作机制,为半岛局势走向正常化提供机制和平台。而半岛其他各方也应该考虑满足朝鲜合理的安全需求,用负责任的行为增进东北亚地区的安全互信,使东北亚的周边环境有利于推动朝鲜问题的最终解决。
Analysis of DPRK’s Asymmetrical Deterrence Strategy
Shen Tao
Abstract After the end of the Cold War,subject to the country’s own strength,asymmetrical deterrence strategy gradually becomes an important means for North Korea to resume the power balance on the Korea Peninsula and ensure the continuation of the political system.North Korea’s asymmetrical deterrence strategy is dependent upon developing some asymmetrical military capabilities,such as nuclear weapon,long-range ballistic missile,artillery system and special operations forces,and is chiefly characterized by brinkmanship. There are two objectives of the asymmetrical deterrence strategy:one is to deter possible wars provoked by South Korea and the United States against the DPRK,the other is to demonstrate North Korea’s determination and will toward asymmetrical deterrence by means of the brinkmanship,and force South Korea and the United States to make concession by creating controllable war risks. The threat from North Korea’s overuse of brinkmanship is dangerous for the Northeast Asia region,and with the development of North Korea’s nuclear engineering and technology,North Korea’s asymmetrical deterrence strategy characterized by nuclear deterrence will put much more pressure on the peace and development of Northeast Asian countries.
Key Words asymmetrical deterrence;North Korea;South Korea;brinkmanship
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[2] 在这5年内,朝鲜的非正常死亡人数达到了33.6万人(据韩国统计厅2010年发表的《朝鲜人口推算》),这段时期被朝鲜官方定为“苦难的行军”。
[3] 夏立平教授在“中国第九届韩国学博士生论坛”上提出了不对称威慑本质上是一种非正常威慑或不完全威慑的论断。
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