六 讨论与结论

稳定的家庭关系如婚姻或者同居对孩子以及家庭的福祉是十分重要的。但是这种关系在父亲有暴力倾向或者违背社会道德的行为时，就可能不再是有利的因素（Jaffee，Moffitt，Caspi，& Taylor，2003）。在家庭暴力与家庭构成的研究中，大多数的重点都放在肢体虐待的影响上。本文研究了经济与肢体虐待的发生以及虐待程度的变化对家庭构成的影响。

双变量的分析结果显示，经济和肢体上的虐待的比例逐年上涨。大约1/9的母亲表示在第一年曾受到过经济虐待，而在第五年这个数字上升到了1/7。相同的，1/25的母亲在第一年受到了肢体虐待，而这个数字在第五年则上涨到了1/13。同时，大多数母亲表示其被虐待的程度在被调查期间并没有变化。但9%的母亲表示她们受到了更严重的经济虐待，5%的母亲表示她们受到了更严重的肢体虐待。所以经济和肢体虐待的逐年增长是不能忽视的，特别是经济虐待。

对于第五年的家庭构成来说，大多数在第一年已婚的母亲在第五年仍保持已婚状态。但1/7的母亲与父亲不再有关系。相反的，那些曾在第一年处在探访及同居状态的父母间的关系，在五年中产生了巨大的变化。超过一半的探访与同居母亲在五年内与父亲的关系发生了变化。大约30%的同居母亲与她们的伴侣分手，24%与之结婚。这个趋势在探访母亲中也很明显。其中，47%与伴侣分手，37%则进入了更稳定的关系（24%同居，13%结婚）。

回归分析的结果显示，经济虐待的发生以及程度的加深都对第五年双方结婚或同居的概率有显著的负面影响。这个发现与另一个结论相悖，经济虐待会使施虐者取得控制受虐者的权利，并且减弱受虐者离开这个关系的能力（Stark，2007；Vyas，2008）。另外一个理论认为，经济虐待使被虐待者不再信任施虐者，并且认为他们并不是合适的伴侣，这一理论与本文的发现更为相近。与以往文献（Carlson et al.，2004；Högnaäs & Carlson，2010）一致的是，回归结果显示第一年的肢体虐待对双方第五年的家庭构成并没有显著的影响。但是肢体虐待程度的加深对双方关系却有显著的负面影响。如同对经济虐待的发现一样，至少从家庭构成这方面来讲，这些理论支持施虐者并不能通过虐待来控制受虐者的观点。这些发现对于政策制定有着重要的意义。由于经济虐待与肢体虐待对家庭构成有着显著的负面影响，任何鼓励低收入女性结婚的政策都应对这两种虐待的产生和变化投入更多关注。社会服务项目应细心地设计对妇女经济虐待与肢体虐待的检测渠道，一旦虐待发生，介入工作就应及时为受害者提供服务。由于减少伴侣之间的暴力能够有效促进及稳定伴侣之间的关系，想要做好促进婚姻关系的相关项目，就需要努力改变有虐待倾向的丈夫或男性伴侣。

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[1] 黄建忠，美国罗格斯大学社会工作学院副教授；Judy L.Postmus，美国罗格斯大学社会工作学院副教授；Juliann H.Vikse，美国罗格斯大学社会工作学院华民研究中心研究员。本文翻译者为美国罗格斯大学公共政策学院硕士生张璋。