(10)单词和词性
依照单词在它句中所担负的职责,我们就可以决定那个单词的词性,因而得以把所有的词分成八类,即所谓八大词类(Eight Parts of Speech)。
八大词类包括名词(Noun)、代词(Pronoun)、形容词(Adjective)、动词(Verb)、副词(Adverb)、介词(Preposition)、连词(Conjunction)和感叹词(Interjection)。
名词主要是用作①主语:“A dog is a faithful animal.(狗是忠实的动物。)”。②宾语:“I keep a very faithful dog.(我养了一条很忠实的狗。)”。③补语:“Blackie is a faithful dog.(小黑是一条忠实的狗。)”。
代词是用来代替名词的。例如:“The girl has a pretty doll. She likes it very much.(那女孩有一只漂亮的洋囡囡,她很喜欢它。)”。
形容词是用来修饰名词的。例如:“The pink rose is a beautiful flower.(红玫瑰是美丽的花。)”。句中的 the 和 a 这种形容词,又称为冠词(Article)。
动词是表示主语的动作,或其所在的地位或状态的。①动作:“He walked to school.(他走到学校去了。)”。②地位:“I am in the garden.(我在园中。)”。状态:“She felt much better.(她觉得好多了。)”。另外有一种助动词(Auxiliary Verb),是不能单独成立,而要和主动词连用的,例如:“You may stand up.(你可以站起来。)”“They have left the room.(他们已经离开这房间了。)”。助动词有 can、be、do、have、shall、will、may、must、ought 等词,有时 dare、need、let 也可作助动词用。助动词大部分后面接省去“to”的不定词(如 can go;shall come),但也有接不省去“to”的不定词(如 ought to go),有的后接过去或现在分词(如“Babylon is fallen. He is building a house.”),有的接过去分词(如“I have written a letter.”)。
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词,或别的副词的。例如:“The boy works hard.(那孩子很用功。)”“He is very careful.(他很谨慎。)”“You walk too quickly.(你走得太快。)”。
介词是用来和名词或代词组合起来而作成副词或形容词用的。例如:①作副词用的:“I put the book on the desk.(我把那书放在桌上。)”。②作形容词用的:“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.(多得不如现得。)”。
连词是用来连接单词或词句的。例如:“Tom and John are hardworking,but their sister is not.(汤姆、约翰两兄弟都很用功,但是他们的妹妹则否。)”“I know that he will come.(我知道他会来。)”“I will wait till he comes.(我要等他来。)”。
感叹词是单为表白感情的,例如,“Alas!He is dead!(哎唷!他死了!)”“Ouch!My hand is hurt.(哦呀!我的手受伤了。)”“Hurrah!The Japanese have surrendered.(好呀!日本投降了。)”。
同一词因在句中的地位不同,而词性亦异。现举几例说明如下:
He ran fast.(副词)
It was a fast race.(形容词)
My fast will begin today.(名词)
I shall fast when Lent opens.(动词)
Wrong seldom prospers.(名词)
You have taken the wrong road.(形容词)
He often spells words wrong.(副词)
You wrong me by your suspicions.(动词)
What did you say?(代词)
What(= partly)with one thing and what with another.(副词)
I do not doubt but what(= that)you are right.(连词)
What!Have you no better reason than this?(感叹词)
I am waiting for the train.(介词)
You have plenty of time,for the train is late.(连词)
He trembled as he spoke.(连词)
I can do it as well.(副词)
You are wrong as(= which)was to be expected.(代词)
Some animals,as the fox and the squirrel,have bushy tails.(介词)
I will not accept either proposal.(形容词)
Either the cat or the dog is a thief.(连词)
If you do not stay,I will not stay either.(副词)