自动化腹膜透析标准操作规程
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三、潮式腹膜透析
TPD是一种结合间歇性和持续流动性的APD模式。TPD开始时向患者腹腔灌注一定量的腹膜透析液,留腹一定时间后引流部分透析液,然后继续灌注新鲜透析液,使腹腔内始终留有一定容积的腹透液,直至当日全部腹膜透析治疗结束后,将腹腔内的透析液尽可能引流干净。在夜间进行的TPD称夜间潮式腹膜透析(nocturnal tidal peritoneal dialysis,NTPD)。
1.适用人群
对于注入和引流腹透液时疼痛及导管引流不畅的患者,首选推荐TPD。由于TPD治疗腹腔无干腹状态,腹腔内溶质清除和水分超滤持续进行,所以相比CAPD和CCPD,TPD可以显著增加小分子溶质清除。对于腹膜高转运患者,TPD可提高透析充分性,改善超滤量。
2.常用处方
TPD首先灌注患者所能承受的最大注入量(一般不超过3L),然后每20分钟引流及注入透析液(设置潮式百分比10%~80%),约10小时,当日治疗结束后排空腹腔内透析液(图4-4)。可根据患者情况灵活调整处方。
图4-4 TPD透析模式图
四、持续流动性腹膜透析
CFPD使用两根腹膜透析管或一根双腔导管置入腹腔,透析液从一根导管持续注入,夹闭流出管,当腹腔内透析液达到要求的容量后,开放流出管,控制腹透液的注入和流出液流速平衡。
1.适用人群
CFPD是一种高清除率的腹膜透析方式,能够显著增加液体超滤,主要适用于某些重症AKI的治疗,尤其适合凝血功能障碍、血流动力学不稳定不能耐受血液透析、AKI合并急性胰腺炎及婴幼儿AKI患者。对于血液透析合并难治性腹水的患者,CFPD也是有效的治疗方案。但是,CFPD需要使用特定的导管和消耗大量的透析液,限制了其在临床的广泛推广使用。
2.常用处方
一般透析液的流速控制在150~250ml/min。与常规APD治疗相比,CFPD小分子溶质清除增加3~8倍。例如,70kg的患者接受CFPD治疗,流速40ml/min,每晚透析8小时,每周透析5次,每周腹透尿素氮清除指数(Kt/V)就可以达到2.5。
(任红)

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