Part D Exercises
1.Key to Exercises 2.Translation 3.Reading Comprehension
A. Team Discussion
Work in teams and discuss each topic for at least three minutes.
1. Characteristics of Liner Shipping
2. Intentions of Forming Liner Alliances
3. Challenges Faced by Liner Operators
B. Professional Terms Bank
1. Write out the full names of the following abbreviations, and then translate them into Chinese.
(1) POC
(2) W/T
(3) M/T
(4) F/T
(5) BAF
(6) CAF
(7) PCS
(8) ETA
(9) ETD
(10) M&A
2. Translate the following terms into Chinese.
(1) transshipment port
(2) sailing schedule
(3) global shipping industry
(4) freight rate
(5) freight tariff
(6) customer base
(7) frequency of sailing
(8) shipping communities
(9) intermediate port
(10) liner alliance
(11) slot chartering
(12) slot exchange
(13) space exchange
(14) vessel sharing
(15) port rotation
(16) class rate
3. Write out the related English specialized terms for the following terms.
(1) empty container
(2) multifunctional terminal
(3) common carrier
(4) origin port
(5) basic charges
(6) independent liner company
(7) liner market
(8) port of call
(9) direct surcharge
(10) liner service operator
4. Fill in the blanks with the proper terms given.
Basic service rate additional
Port congestion surcharge
Currency adjustment factor
Bunker adjustment factor
Terminal handling charge
IMO surcharge
(1)___ refers to an adjustment factor representing variations in the price of bunker fuels, expressed as a plus/minus percentage which is applied to freight calculations.
(2) ___ refers to a charge made by shipping companies in addition to basic service rate (freight) to cover Australian port charges that have not been included in the freight, for example, wharfage, port charges, and stevedorage. This charge is also named Australian Port Charges Additional.
(3) ___ refers to an adjustment factor representing variations in exchange rates expressed as a plus/minus percentage which is applied to freight calculations.
(4) ___ refers to the charge imposed by the shipping company on the sea freight when the transported goods are classified by the IMO as hazardous (in accordance with the IMDG code). This relates to the additional handling required for planning the dangerous goods at the terminal and aboard the ship.
(5)___ refers to the charge levied by CY and CFS operators for goods passing through their operations. They are additional costs, on top of the sea freight, charged by the shipping company for the handling of containers at the container terminal before being loaded aboard a vessel. Examples include the unloading of the container from a truck, stacking, and transport from the stacking location to just below the crane. This concerns FCL shipments.
(6) ___ refers to the charge imposed by shipping lines to cover losses caused by congestion and idle time for vessels serving that port. Shipping lines therefore have the right to impose a surcharge on the freight to recover revenue lost. Another factor which influences these surcharges would be labor disputes. These surcharges are calculated as a percentage of the freight rate.
C. Summary Cloze
The following is a brief summary of liner shipping with some words missing. Read the summary carefully and complete it by filling in one or some appropriate words in each blank.
Liner shipping is the service of transporting goods, usually the (1)___ cargoes around the world at relatively stable freight rates and by means of high-capacity liners that transit regular routes on fixed (2)___ . Liner operators are common carriers and required by law to accept without discrimination among consignors any legal cargo which the ships are able to transport. Liner cargoes are usually of higher value than the cargo hauled in tramps, and are charged higher freight rates. (3)___ are applicable to liner cargoes instead of tramp cargoes. Liner companies issue standard (or uniform) contracts of carriage or bills of lading (Bs/L) for the cargo carried. Passengers sometimes are carried in cargo liners, but by international agreement the number is limited to (4)___ . Under liner shipping, regular liner services primarily use tween deck vessels or (5)___ (such as container ships) for unit loading. Quantities of liner cargoes are relatively flexible, and cargo liners is suitable for carrying (6)___ cargo quantities, especially suitable for carrying the break bulk cargoes and containerized cargoes. With the growing use of containers in maritime transport, the impact of containerization on liner companies has increased. For example, containerization consolidates the liner companies into fewer companies and creates new forms of cooperation, such as collaboration, consortia, and (7)___ . For another example, containerization promotes the transformation of terminals from multifunctional terminals to (8) ___ container terminals. Thus, liner companies attach much significance to the design of liner services, such as liner planning, tactical planning, and operational planning, and the main design parameters they consider are service frequency, fleet size, vessel size, fleet mix, and (9) ___ . Liner shipping is the most efficient mode of transport of goods and container ships have the capacity to carry several large warehouses worth of goods on a single voyage.The significant amount the industry contributes directly to the global economy and the role of the industry as a facilitator of economic growth for other industries have made liner shipping a (10)___ .
D. Short-Answer Questions
1. Write out the main features of liner shipping.
2. Write out the main motives of liner alliances.
3. Write out the main areas covered by the liner alliances agreements.
4. Write out the scopes of cooperation in liner alliances.
5. Write out the main features of liner alliances.
6. Write out the scale benefits achieved in liner alliances.
7. Write out some possible disadvantages of liner alliances.
8. Write out the key reasons for successful liner alliances.
9. Write out the factors affecting task complexity of liner alliances.
10. Write out the main parameters necessary for designing a liner service.
E. Writing
Write an essay titled “Challenges Faced by Liner Shipping”, using at least 500 words.