Abstract

China Non-communicable and Chronic Disease surveillance（China NCD surveillance）is an on-going surveillance system administered by the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention（NCNCD），which is the NCD Unit within Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention（China CDC），under the leadership of the National Health and Family Planning Commission. From the beginning of 2004，China NCD surveillance was carried out once every three years，which is based on the nationally sampled Disease Surveillance Points System（DSPs）and aimed to：（1）understand the prevalence，distribution and changes over time of the main NCDs and their risk factors among different subgroups of Chinese population;（2）determine high-priority health issues and support health policies and programs that promote health and prevent NCDs; and（3）provide scientific data for evaluating these health policies and programs.

In 2010，the China NCD surveillance was conducted in 161 Disease Surveillance Points，and 1 point from Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps.The population coverage was about 73 million and the investigation objects were aged 18 and above. Participants were selected by using a multi-stage stratified clustering sampling method. In the first stage of sampling，4 townships were randomly sampled from each surveillance point using the method of probability proportion to size（PPS）. Three villages or residential areas were sampled from each selected township in the second stage by using the same method as the previous stage. In the following sampling stages，a residential group（at least 50 families）was randomly stratifiedly selected from each village. All the family members aged 50 and above received household questionnaire survey and an individual aged 18 and over selected by using KISH grid method from each family received individual questionnaire interview，physical measurements and laboratory examinations. A total of 84，363 household questionnaires were collected，of which 42，660 were from those aged 60 and above. A total 98，712 individual interviews were fully completed，of which 19，981 subjects were aged 60 and above.

The 2010 NCD was conducted by using centralized-interview and Indoor–interview methods. The contents of the 2010 surveillance included face-to-face questionnaire interviews，physical measurements and laboratory examinations. The face to face interview included two types of questionnaires household and individual. The household questionnaire collected information on：the dietary habits of families，economy status and the cooking fuel use of each family，and health issues among those 50 years and older. The individual questionnaire collected information on：tobacco use，alcohol consumption，diet，physical activity，self-reported chronic diseases，selfrated health，mental health，oral health and injures，etc. Physical measurements included height，weight，waist circumference and blood pressure. Lab tests included fasting and 2 hour oral glucose tolerance tests（OGTT）blood glucose，insulin，blood lipids，and HbA1c.

In order to investigate the characteristic distribution of common chronic diseases and related risk factors among elderly，we used data from the 2010 China NCD surveillance and follow-up study for cognitive decline in 2011.

In 2010，the prevalence of current smoking among Chinese elderly was 25.2%，46.5% for male and 5.0% for female，which was higher in rural areas（26.6%）than in urban areas（22.4%）. The rate of second-hand smoke exposure was 29.7%. Among smokers，31.1% attempted to quit smoking and 24.8% quit smoking successfully.The smoking-cessation rate was higher in urban areas（31.1%）than in rural areas（21.9%）.

In 2010，22.4% of the elderly was reported drinking in the past 30 days，37.9% for male and 7.6% for female. The rate of hazardous drinking and harmful drinking among elderly was 9.3% and 11.4% respectively.

According to the amount of fruit and vegetables required by an individual per day that suggested by WHO，which is at least 400g，the proportion of insufficient intake of fruit and vegetable among Chinese elderly was 56.6%，which is higher in urban areas than in rural. 15.4% of the elderly was reported high consumption of red meat and the phenomenon was more common in urban areas and among males. 12.7% the elderly was reported doing regular exercise every week，which was more common in urban areas than in rural areas and east region than west region.

In 2010，the prevalence of overweight，obesity and central obesity among the elderly was 32.3%，12.5% and 48.8% respectively. The proportions were higher in female than in male，higher in urban areas than rural areas and higher in east regions than west regions.

In 2010，66.9% the elderly had hypertension.The awareness rate of hypertension was 45.4%. Among those who were aware of having hypertension，87.9% were treated with medications. Among patients receiving treatment，only 14.6% had their hypertension controlled

Diabetes was found 19.6% of elderly，which was higher in urban areas（25.0%）than in rural areas（17.0%）and higher in east region（21.5%）than in west region（17.7%）. Overall，42.3% with diabetes were aware of their diagnosis，and the rate of awareness was higher in urban areas（52.3%）than in rural areas（35.2%）. Of those who were aware of their diabetes，93.5% had been treated. Of patients who received medical treatment，only 36.5% had controlled their diabetes.

In 2010，4.9% elderly had higher total cholesterol（TC），3.6% elderly had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）and 10.8% elderly had higher triglycerides（TG）. The rates were all greater in female than in male and greater in urban areas than in rural areas.

In 2010，self-reported incidences of myocardial infarction and stroke were 12.6‰ and 16.8‰among elderly，which were all greater in male than in female and greater in urban areas than in rural areas.

In 2010，self-reported prevalence of COPD and asthma were 71.3‰ and 33.9‰ among elderly，which were all greater in male than in female and greater in urban areas than in rural areas.

Over all，74.2% elderly had one or more of the following selected chronic conditions：hypertension，diabetes，COPD，asthma，cancer，and prevalence of two or more of five selected chronic conditions was 27.5% among those patients.

In 2010，12.6% elderly claimed to be completely edentulous. 51.3% elderly had more than 20 natural teeth retention，which was higher in male（54.7%）than in female（48.0%），higher in urban areas（58.2%）than in rural areas（47.8%），and 18.4% for aged 80 and above. 63.3% self-reported toothlessness was caused by dental caries or periodontal.

Over all，74.4% elderly had tooth-brushing every day，higher in female（76.0%）than in male （72.7%）and higher in urban areas（89.0%）than in rural areas（67.3%）;16.6% never brush. The proportion was much higher in rural areas（21.1%）than in urban areas（7.1%）.

In 2010，the self-reported prevalence of sleep disturbances was 14.2%，which increased progressively by age，higher in female（17.3%）than in male（11.0%）and higher in the west region than in the east region. About 5.1% the elderly reported having constipation during last 12 months，more common in female and in urban areas. About 8.5% elderly reported having olfactory disorder，more common in female and west region.

In 2010，nearly 40% the elderly reported age-related memory decline and only 5.4% had been seeking medical advice. 9% reported care and nursing needs，of which 80% could be provided by family members and 12% left unattended. Cognitive assessment was performed using the Mini-Mental State Examination（MMSE）for those order participants with self-reported memory loss. The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was 10.1%，which was greater in female（12.4%）than in male（7.7%），greater in rural areas（12.2%）than urban areas（5.9%），and which increased by age and up to 22.4% for aged 80 and above.

In 2010，5.7% of the elderly reported age-related movement disorders of Parkinson’s Disease or Parkinsonism and 40% had been seeking medical advice because of movement disorders. The rate of self-reported movement disorder was higher in rural areas（6.3%）than in urban areas（4.6%）. Among elderly claimed movement disorder，more than 20% reported care and nursing needs，of which more than 80% was provided by family members and 10% left unattended.

Only 10.5% of the elderly heard about the Parkinson’s Disease or Parkinsonism. The proportion was significantly lower in rural areas（3.9%）than in urban areas（24.0%），and lower in west region（8.3%）than in east region（14.3%）.

Among elderly self-reported movement disorders，2.4% was diagnosed with the Parkinson’s Disease or Parkinsonism by county/district hospitals above. The rate was higher in urban areas （3.7%）than in rural areas（1.9%），and higher in east region than west region.