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[30]Quoted in ibid: 204.

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[44]Memorandum from Professor John Bunker 1931. Quoted in letter from Bunker to Vannevar

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[46]Ibid.

[47]Gray G W. Science and Profits[J]. Harper's Magazine, 1936, CLXXII: 539.

[48]Memorandum on Patent Policy and its Effects, John Bunker to Bush 23 April, 1936. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 1.

[49]Ibid., p.168.

[50]Minutes of Meeting of Institute Patent Committee, 6 November, 1936. Ibid.

[51]Conference on “Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights”, op. cit.

[52]Statement of Patent Policy, 15 April, 1932. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3.

[53]Office of dean of engineering, MIT.

[54]Minutes of the Patent Committee, 6 November, 1936. MTT Archives, Collection A Box 1.

[55]Statement of Patent Policy, 15 April, 1932. Ibid., Box 2, Folder 3.

[56]Foster L. Sponsored Research at MIT[Z]. unpublished, manuscript, 1968. MIT Archives, V. I, 104.

[57]For the Information of MIT Patent Committees[Z]. 1945. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3.

[58]Minutes of Meeting of Institute Patent Committee, 7 April, 1938. Ibid., Box.

[59]Bush V. letter to members of the Patent Committee, 21 May, 1936. Ibid.

[60]Etzkowitz H. interview with Harold Edgerton, July 1986.

[61]Minutes of Meeting of Institute Patent Committee, 5 November, 1935. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 1.

[62]Letter from Bush to members of the Patent Committee, 21 May, 1936. Ibid.

[63]Letter from Phillips Ketchum, general counsel of the MIT to Bush, 18 May, 1936. Ibid. Quoted in “Memorandum”, John Bunker to Bush, 25 May, 1936.

[64]Ibid.

[65]Ibid.

[66]Ibid.

[67]Ibid.

[68]Ibid.

[69]Letter from Attorneys Herrick, Smith, Donald and Farley to Bush, 18 May, 1936. Ibid. 70 Ibid.

[70]Statement Concerning Patent Policy for the 1936 Annual Meeting of the Corporation, 14 October, 1936.

[71]John Bunker to Bush. Memorandum on Patent Policy and its Effects.

[72]Minutes of the Patent Committee, 11 February, 1936.

[73]The Institute Gazette. Patenting of Institute Inventions[J]Technology Review, 1937, XXXIX: 348-350.

[74]McKusick V. A Study of Patent Policies[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1948, March: 194-225.

[75]Statement of Patent Policy, 15 April, 1932. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3.

[76]Journal of the American Medical Association, CVI（18 April, 1936）,: 1388-1389.

[77]The New York Times, 1 December, 1935.

[78]Ibid.

[79]Conference on Medical Patents, Organization Section, Journal of the American Medical Association, CXIII, 1939,: 327.

[80]Ibid., p.331.

[81]Ibid., p.333.

[82]Ibid., p.336.

[83]Ibid., p.420.

[84]Weiner C. Patenting and Academic Research: Historical Case Studies[J]Science, Technology and Human Values, 1987, XII: 50-62.

[85]For the Information of MIT Patent Committees[Z]. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3, 1945.

[86]Minutes of Patent Management Committee, 11 January, 1945. ibid., Box 2, Folder 1.

[87]Ibid.

[88]Etzkowitz H. Enterprises from Science. op. cit.

[89]Letter from Karl Compton to Ralph Flanders, president, the American Research and Development Corporation, 19 December, 1946. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3.

[90]“Industrial Office”, undated. Ibid.

[91]Letter from Karl Compton to Ralph Flanders, 10 December, 1946. Ibid.

[92]Memo for File Re: Forrester Patent Meeting in MIT President's Office, 7 September, 1962. MIT Archives, Collection AC35, Box 2.

[93]Letter from President Stratton to J. William Hinkley, president, Research Corporation, 28 August, 1962. Ibid.

[94]Pugh E. Memories that Shaped an Industry[M]. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, 1984.

[95]Letter from R. J. Horn, MIT attorney, to Julius Stratton, president of MIT, 5 September, 1962. MIT Archives, Collection AC35, Box 2.

[96]Letter from R. J. Horn to President Stratton, 19 November, 1962. Ibid.

[97]Memo for File Re: Forrester Patent Meeting in MIT President's Office. Ibid.

[98]Pugh E., Memories, op. cit.

[99]Ibid.

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[105]Interview with Lawrence Gold, April 1990.

[106]Gold L, Butcher C. The Discovery Exchange. op. cit., p.14.

[107]Ibid.y p.20.

[108]Ibid., p.14.

[109]Webster A, Etzkowitz H. Academic-Industry Relations: The Second Academic Revolution?[M]. London: Science Policy Support Group, 1991.

[110]Letter from Karl Compton to Ralph E. Flanders, 10 December, 1946. MIT Archives, Collection AC64, Box 2, Folder 3.

[111]Statement Concerning Patent Policy for the 1936 Annual Meeting of the Corporation, 14 October, 1936. Ibid.

[112]Ibid.

[113]Potter A A. Research and Invention in Engineering Colleges[J]. Science, XCI, No. 2349, p.6.

[114]Cole J. Balancing acts: dilemmas of choice facing research universities[J]. Daedalus, 1993, Fall: 1-36.

[115]Interview with Eugene Schüler, vice-provost for research, State University of New York at Stony Brook, November 1993.

[116]Personal communication from Professor Dr Meske Werner, Wissenschaftscentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 9 February, 1994.

[117]Livingstone, Angus, director, industrial liaison office, University of British Columbia, in North American Free Trade Agreement Science Policy Seminar, op. cit.

[118]Bangs R. Regional Economic Development in Pittsburgh[C]. Conference on Islands of Innovation. The Standing Group on Politics and Technology Affiliated with the European Consortium for Politics and Research. Jena: Frederick-Schiller Universität, February, 1994.

[119]Personal communication from Professor Joseph Traub, department of computer science, Columbia University, formerly chairman, department of computer science, Carnegie Mellon University, March 1994.

[120]Lowen R. Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity: the patronage of scientific Research at Stanford University, 1937-1965[J]. Minerva, 1992, XXX: 391-421.