第2章　语　音

2.1　复习笔记

本章要点：

1．Speech organs

发音器官

2．Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels

辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则

3．Variations of sounds

语音的变化

4．Phonemes，minimal pairs and sets and free variation

音位、最小对立、集合体和自由变体

5．Distinctive features and consonant cluster

区别特征和辅音连缀

6．Syllable structure, stress and intonation

音节结构、重音和语调

常考考点：

1．语音学

语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学。

2．音系学

音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。

本章内容索引：

I. Phonetics

1．Phonetics

2．Three major research fields of phonetics

II. Articulators

1．Articulators

(1) Seven major articulators

(2) Three notices

2．Voiceless and voiced sounds

3．Nasal and oral sounds

III. Classification of English Speech Sounds

1．Consonants

(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation

(2) Classification of Consonants

2．Vowel

(1) The Height of the Tongue

(2) The Shape of the Lips

(3) The Width of the Mouth

(4) Monophthongs and Diphthongs

IV. Variations of Sounds

1．Liaison

2．Elision

3．Assimilation

V. Phonology

1．Phonology

2．Phoneme

3．Minimal Pairs and Sets

4．Free Variation

5．Distinctive Features

VI. Syllables and Consonant Cluster

1．Syllables

2．Consonant Cluster

VII. Suprasegmentals

1．Suprasegmental features

2．Stress

3．Intonation

I. Phonetics (语音学)

1．Phonetics (语音学)

The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.

语音学研究所有人类语言的声音。

2．Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics语音学研究的三大领域

(1) Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated”.

(2) Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.

(3) Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.

(1) 发音语言学研究语音的发生。

(2) 声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。

(3) 感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。

II. Articulators (发音器官)

1．Articulators (发音器官)

【考点：根据图指出发音器官名称】

(1) Seven Major Articulators

The seven major articulators are pharynx, velum or soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge or alveolum, tongue, teeth and lips.

(2) Three Notices

①Larynx is also an articulator.

②Jaws are sometimes called articulators, but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others.

③The nose and the nasal cavity not articulators as others.

(1) 七个主要的发音器官

咽腔、软腭、硬腭、齿龈、舌、齿、唇。

(2) 三个注意的点

①喉也是发音器官。

②下颌有时也称作发音器官，但它与其它的发音器官不一样。

③鼻子和鼻腔和其它的发音器官也不一样。

2．Voiced and Voiceless Sounds (浊音和清音)

(1) When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds.

在发音过程中，发音时声带振动，这样所发出的音叫做浊音。

(2) When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds.

在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动，这样所发出的音叫做清音。

3．Nasal and oral sounds (鼻音和口腔音)

(1) When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds.

(2) When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off, the air can escape only through the mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds.

(1) 软腭下垂，使鼻腔和口腔同时通气，这样发出的音为鼻音。

(2) 软腭上升直到喉咙后部，同时形成鼻腔阻塞，气流从口腔中释放，这样发出的音为口腔音。

III. Classification of English speech sounds (辅音和元音)

1．Consonants (辅音)

【考点：名词解释】

Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。

(1) Manner of articulation and place of articulation (发音方式和发音部位)

①Manner of articulation refers to the type of stricture involved in the production of a consonant (the particular way the airstream is obstructed).

②Place of articulation refers to the involvement of the articulators in the production of a particular consonant (where the airstream is most obstructed).

①发音方式指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位时的方式。

②发音+部位指声道的那些发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍的部位。

(2) Classification of consonants (辅音的分类)

【考点：描述给定辅音&根据描述指出辅音名称】

①In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides.

stops: [p, b, t, d, k, g]

fricatives: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]

affricates: [dʒ, tʃ]

liquids: [l, r]

nasals: [m, n, ŋ]

glides: [j, w]

按发音方式分类，辅音可分为爆破音、擦音、破擦音、边音、鼻音、滑音。

爆破音: [p, b, t, d, k, g]

擦音: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]

破擦音:[dʒ, tʃ]

边音: [l, r]

鼻音: [m, n, ŋ]

滑音：[j, w]

②In terms of place of articulation, the consonants can be grouped into bilabials, labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, palatals, velars and glottal.

bilabials: [p, b, m, w]

labiodentals :[f, v]

dentals: [θ, ð]

alveolars: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

palatals: [j, ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ]

velars: [k, g, ŋ]

glottal: [h]

按发音部位分类，辅音可分为双唇音、唇齿音、齿音、齿龈音、上腭音、软腭音和声门音。

双唇音: [p, b, m, w]

唇齿音:[f, v]

齿音: [θ, ð]

齿龈音: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

上腭音: [j, ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ]

软腭音: [k, g, ŋ]

声门音: [h]

3．Vowel (元音)

【考点：描述给定元音&根据描述指出元音名称】

Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

发音时，声道不受任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞，由此产生的音叫做元音。

(1) The Height of the Tongue (舌头最高部分的高度)

Front vowels: [i:] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] [ɑ]

Central vowels: [3:] [ə] [ʌ]

Back vowels: [u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [ɑ:]

前元音：[i:] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] [ɑ]

中元音：[3:] [ə] [ʌ]

后元音：[u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [ɑ:]

(2) The Shape of the Lips (唇的圆展度)

Rounded vowels: [u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ]

Unrounded vowels: [i:] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] [ɑ] [3:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]

圆唇音：[u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ]

展唇音：[i:] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] [ɑ] [3:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]

(3) The Width of the Mouth (开口的宽度)

Open vowels: [æ], [ɑ], [ɔ], [ɑ:]

Close vowels: [i:], [ɪ], [u:], [u]

Semi-open vowels: [ɔ:] [e] [ɛ] [3:] [ə] [ʌ]

开元音：[æ], [ɑ], [ɔ], [ɑ:]

闭元音：[i:], [ɪ],[u:], [u]

半开元音：[ɔ:] [e] [ɛ] [3:] [ə] [ʌ]

(4) Monophthongs and Diphthongs (单元音与双元音)

Monophthong: They are those pure vowels that have an unchanging quality, either from the number or the constant quality.

Diphthong: A sequence of two sounds produced from one vowel position to another.

单元音指在数量上和性质上都恒定不变的纯元音。

如果在发音时通过舌头的一次运动，由第一个单元音滑向第二个单元音，所产生的音的组合就叫做双元音。

IV. Variations of Sounds音的变化

1．Liaison连读

The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison.

指在实际话语过程中把两个词连到一起读，尤其是第二个单词以元音开始时，这种现象叫做连读。

2．Elision省音

The loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision.

在实际话语中漏掉一个音或几个音，这种现象叫做省音。

3．Assimilation同化

The way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation.

同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程。

V. Phonology (音系学)

1．Phonology (音系学)

Phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.

音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。

2．Phoneme (音位)

Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.

音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义的作用。

3．Minimal Pairs and Sets (最小对立体)

Minimal Pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.

When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set.

能够用一个音区别意义的两个词叫做最小的对立体。

当一组词能够通过改变其中同一位置的一个音素来区别意义时，这组词就叫做最小集合体。

4．Free Variation (自由变体)

【考点：名词解释】

When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.

如果两个或两个以上的音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，那么这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。

5．Distinctive features (区别特征)

When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature).

区别性特征是指能够区别意义的语音特征。

VI. Syllables and Consonant Cluster (音节和辅音连缀)

1．Syllables (音节)

【考点：判断一个音节的节首、韵基和节尾】

The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables.

英语单词“beautiful”由三部分组成beau-ti-ful，这样的比一个音长但又比一个词的音短的单位就叫做音节。

Syllable structure (音节的结构)

2．Consonant Cluster (辅音连缀)

In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, [spl] in [‘splendid]. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters.

在英语中一些词在一个音节中会有两个或多个辅音，例如[‘splendid]中的[spl]，这样的语音序列叫做辅音连缀。

VII. Suprasegmentals (超切分特征)

1．Suprasegmental features (超切分特征)

The sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),are called suprasegmentals.

指的是大于切分层面上的，能够区别意义的特征，其主要包括重音、声调和语调等。

2．Stress (重音)

When a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to the speech sound phenomenon, that of stress.

当一个词中有多于一个音节时把一个词的某个音节或语句里的某几个音节读得重些、强些。

3．Intonation (语调)

Speech sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.

语调涉及重复出现的升降模式，是指声调高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。