八佾第三
3.1 孔子谓季氏:“八佾舞于庭,是可忍也,孰不可忍也!”
Confucius said of the Ji family: “They have eight rows of dancers to perform in their courtyard. If this can be tolerated, what cannot be tolerated? ”
汉代学者马融考据古籍,按照周礼的规范做出解释:天子才有在宗庙中作“八佾舞”的资格,诸侯则是六佾,大夫四佾,士二佾。季孙氏的宗主只是鲁大夫,居然使用八佾。或许可以说这样铺张的排场只是缺少约束,但孔子将这种僭越行为视作周朝衰微、封建制度崩溃的前兆。《左传》的记载证实了孔子的看法:公元前562年,即孔子出生前十一年,季孙氏连同其他两大贵族世家孟孙氏、叔孙氏,分拨国家军队为己所用;待孔子在公元前484年回到鲁国时,季孙氏征收的田赋已超过鲁国国君。
3.2 三家者以《雍》彻。子曰:“‘相雄辟公,天子穆穆’,奚取于三家之堂?”
The Three Families had the yong ode performed when the sacrificial vessels were being cleared away. The Master said,
“‘Assisting are the great lords,
The Son of Heaven, solemn and dignified.’
What significance could there be when these lines are sung in the halls of the Three Families? ”
《雍》属《诗经》第282篇《周颂》。此处孔子的言论应与3.1对照,两段话都评论贵族僭礼之事。“三桓”指的是鲁国三大贵族:季孙氏、孟孙氏、叔孙氏。三桓在孔子出生前一百年左右形成,本为挽救一场继承危机。公元前662至前659三年间,鲁庄公去世后不久,他的三个兄弟庆父、叔牙、季友在继承问题上纷争不休。最后,弟弟季友迫使叔牙自尽,但同意让他的家族承袭禄位,“则有后于鲁国”。这就是叔孙氏的由来。庆父也不甘示弱,争夺权位,并擅立了他属意的继承人。一场混战之后,庆父被逐出鲁国,由于无处可去,也自尽了。他死后,鲁国国君准许他的后代永世安居,立为贵族。孟孙氏始于此。这场政治斗争的赢家是季友,在他的兄弟死后,季友为鲁国相,其后人就是季孙氏。
3.3 子曰:“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”
The Master said, “Being human and yet lacking humaneness——what can such a man do with the rites? Being human and yet lack-ing humaneness——what can such a man do with music? ”
六世纪的学者皇侃认为,3.3与3.1、3.2都应是对三桓所作所为的批评。不过我更想扩大对这句话的理解。我认为这是孔子学说中“礼”的根本——礼与没有道德追求的人无关。《礼记》对“礼乐”与“仁”的关系提出另一种视角:“礼节者,仁之貌也。歌乐者,仁之和也。”
3.4 林放问礼之本。子曰:“大哉问!礼,与其奢也宁俭。丧,与其易也宁戚。”
Lin Fang asked about the working principle of the rites. The Master said, “An admirable question indeed! With regard to the rites as a whole, it is better to err on the side of being frugal than on that of being extravagant. With regard to the mourning rites, it is better to err on the side of showing too much emotion than on that of fussing over every detail.”
林放,鲁人,以知礼著称。大多数学者认为,孔子和林放的对话谈论的是“文”和“质”的关系:修养与天性,礼仪形式与本质。就这一主题,刘宝楠征引荀子和《礼记》来说明。荀子在《天论》中写道,礼“足以为道贯。一废一起,应之以贯,理贯不乱”。《礼记》则说,“故礼之不同也,不丰也,不杀也,所以持情而合危也”。但孔子在这里告诉林放,如果难以达到平衡,有所偏差,“宁俭”和“宁戚”,这也是“礼之本”。
3.5 子曰:“夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也。”
The Master said, “The Yi and Di tribes with their rulers are not like the Chinese states, which have none.”
另一种解读是:“The Yi and Di tribes with their rulers are still inferior to the Chinese states, which have none.”多数英文翻译也作此解。但孔子究竟是在贬损夷狄还是中原诸国,中国学者对此意见纷纭。比如唐宋学者邢昺就把孔子的话理解成:“夷狄虽有君长而无礼义,中国虽偶无君,若周召共和之年,而礼义不废’,故曰‘夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也。”
宋代思想家程颐的观点则不同。他相信孔子的话是对时人的批判——“夷狄且有君长,不如诸夏之僭乱,反无上下之分也”。明清思想家顾炎武和王夫之似乎都赞同程颐的解读。由于两人都经历了异族征服,我想也可以把他们的解读视作对明朝在1644年被推翻的批判。
3.6 季氏旅于泰山。子谓冉有曰:“女弗能救与?”对曰:“不能。”子曰:“呜呼!曾谓泰山不如林放乎?”
The head of the Jisun family was getting prepared to make a sacrifice to Mount Tai. The Master said to Ran Qiu, “Can you stop him from going ahead with it? ”
Ran Qiu said, “I cannot.”
The Master said, “Alas! Who would have thought that the spirit of Mount Tai would know less about the rites than Lin Fang? ”
冉有,名求,是孔子的弟子,有战功,曾任季孙氏家臣。可能正是他说服了国君鲁哀公,邀请孔子返回鲁国。但孔子对这位弟子的评价并不客气,因为冉有道德勇气不足。3.6就是一个例证。孔子要冉有阻止季孙氏宗主祭祀泰山,因为这僭越了国君。冉有的回答是:我无能为力。于是孔子哀叹:如此,泰山之神远比林放懂礼,必然知道这是僭越行为而不会接受祭祀。刘宝楠的评注认为,可以将3.6作为2.24的注脚。
3.7 子曰:“君子无所争。必也射乎!揖让而升,下而饮。其争也君子。”
The Master said, “Gentlemen have no reason to contend. But, of course, there is the archery contest. Yet on such occasions, they bow and yield to each other as they ascend the steps to the hall;afterward, they descend the steps and drink together. Even when they compete, they are gentlemanly.”
中国的道德哲人们喜欢将射箭作为教学内容,因为射手瞄准靶心,象征着恰当的行为和正直的人格。箭术比赛也被视作君子活动,因为不涉及侵犯行为就可以测试一个人的技能。有关礼的早期文献也赋予射箭政治意涵,当君主准备祭祀时,四方诸侯会荐举自己的大臣助祭,君主则用射箭比赛来选拔。在此,孔子首次提到“君子无所争”。但他又补充,在射箭比赛的时候是有所争的。即便如此,孔子强调,有了礼的引导,他们就不会偏离道路,其争仍为君子之争。孟子在公元前四世纪将射箭提升至新的高度,把它作为教育方法,并比作道德培育。
3.8 子夏问曰:“‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮。’何谓也?”子曰:“绘事后素。”曰:“礼后乎?”子曰:“起予者商也!始可与言《诗》已矣。”
Zixia asked, “What is the meaning of these lines: ‘Her entrancing smile, dimpling, / Her beautiful eyes so animated and clear. / White renders the colors vibrant and distinct'? ”
The Master said, “White is applied after the colors are put in.”“Does the practice of the rites, in a like manner, come afterward? ”
The Master said, “It's you who have drawn my attention to such a reading.Only with you do I feel I can discuss the Odes.”
“巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮”,引自《诗经》第57篇《卫风·硕人》。这三句话中,只有前两句仍见于《诗经》。但第三句最重要,它是子夏和孔子这段对话的主题,也是后世学者争论的焦点。我的解读与汉代和清代的一些学者如戴震、凌廷堪和刘宝楠等相同。对于诗句以及孔子的回答,宋代的杨龟山和朱熹则提出另一种解释。首先子夏提问:“‘巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以为绚兮。’何谓也?”孔子对此的回答是,“绘事后素”。正如多位清代学者指出的那样,两种解读的区别在于如何理解一个人的本来质地——是丰富多采的,还是朴素无华的。如果是汉代学者说的丰富多彩,那么诗中的“素”指的就是记述古代工匠的文献《考工记》中的一种技艺——“画缋之事,杂五色”“后素功”。绘画时,先布五彩,再用细笔蘸白色颜料勾勒。这一技艺可和“礼”相比,因为礼使事物炫然分明,更为完善,从而升华本质。汉代郑玄说:“美女虽有倩盼美质,亦须礼以成之也。”
西方学者普遍参照宋代学者的解读,将“素”理解为朴素无华的底色(或孔子所说的“质”),而“绘”代表丰富和精致。若生命始于纯洁,礼便可以使之臻于完善。我以为,这种解读更像是宋代儒学家道德体系的一种反映,而非孔子关于礼的教诲。
为什么孔子对子夏说“始可与言《诗》已矣”?因为在孔子的回答中,子夏发现了这个答案和礼的关系,是子夏让夫子注意到这种解读。1.15中孔子对子贡说过类似的话,当时两人在探讨礼,子贡也引用《诗经》表达观点。
3.9 子曰:“夏礼,吾能言之,杞不足征也。殷礼,吾能言之,宋不足征也。文献不足故也。足,则吾能征之矣。”
The Master said, “I am able to speak about the rites of the Xia, but the state of Qii is not able to provide the evidence to illuminate what I say. I am able to speak about the rites of the Shang, but the state of Song is not able to provide the evidence to illuminate what I say. This is because both the records and worthy men of erudition are insufficient in these two states. If they were [more plentiful], I could support my words with evidence.”
商朝推翻夏朝后,夏朝遗族被分封到杞国;周朝推翻商朝后,商朝遗族被分封到宋国。在这段有力的陈述中,孔子认为保存典章文物并由正直的贤者来负责非常重要,不然像他这样对礼所知甚广的人,就无法用证据支持自己的学说。有学者认为孔子这话是对鲁国国君说的,因为鲁君是周朝开国者之一周公的后代。孔子认为鲁国应该吸取教训,担负起捍卫周朝文化的责任。
3.10 子曰:“禘自既灌而往者,吾不欲观之矣。”
The Master said,“As for the di sacrifice,after the libation,I have no wish to observe the rest of the ceremony.”
据刘宝楠考证,祭酒招魂,引第一位祖先的灵魂来到祠堂是“祭礼之始”。孔子说他在仪式开始后就想离开,肯定意味着他不赞同“禘”在鲁国的祭祀方式——在他看来是失礼。但“禘”究竟是怎样的?我们对它的大部分了解都来自《礼记》的三个章节:《丧服小记》《大传》《祭统》。这三章都指出,“禘”是“大祭也”——“不王不禘”,只有天子才能举行,祭祀的是“祖之所自出”。但这一仪式竟能在鲁国而非其他诸侯国举行。因为周公旦辅佐他的侄子成王,有勋劳于天下;其子伯禽受封鲁国,故周公死后,成王决定尊鲁国,“赐以重祭”来追念他。
3.11 或问禘之说。子曰:“不知也,知其说者之于天下也,其如示诸斯乎!”指其掌。
Someone asked for an explanation of [the basis of] the di sacrifice. The Master said, “This is not something that I know. The person who knows it will be able to handle all the affairs in the world as easily as having them placed right here, ”and he pointed to his palm.
多数注疏都参照孔安国的解释,认为孔子说自己不了解禘祭是避免直言对鲁国禘礼的不赞同。但孔子的回答也符合《礼记》对祭祀的阐释——“不王不禘”。如果我们把这段话和2.17中他对子路说的有关知和不知的话放在一起看,那么孔子的意思可能是:只有天子有权行禘祭,如果他真正知道这种祭仪的基本原则,他的知识就会体现在行为之中;这样的君主会得到人民的尊敬和信任,治理国家也会更顺利。
3.12 祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不与祭,如不祭。”
“Sacrifice as if they were present”means sacrifice to the spirits as if the spirits were present. The Master said, “If I do not take part in the sacrifice, it is as if I did not sacrifice at all.”
《礼记·祭义》中对君子祭祀父母的描述,可以作为此处第一句话的诠释:“祭之日,入室,僾然必有见乎其位,周还出户,肃然必有闻乎其容声,出户而听,忾然必有闻乎其叹息之声。是故,先王之孝也,色不忘乎目,声不绝乎耳,心志嗜欲不忘乎心。致爱则存,致悫则著。著存不忘乎心,夫安得不敬乎?”是致祭者的亲临展现了祭祀的精神,我想,这就是孔子的意思。
3.13 王孙贾问曰:“‘与其媚于奥,宁媚于灶。’何谓也?”子曰:“不然。获罪于天,无所祷也。”
Wangsun Jia asked, “What do you think of the adage‘Better to flatter the god of the kitchen hearth than the god of the south-west corner'? ”
The Master replied, “The saying has got it wrong. When you have offended Heaven, there is no spirit you can pray to.”
早期的文献包括《论语》中的某些记载,可以为这段对话提供一些背景。孔子在卫国时,没能顺利在灵公的政府任职。当时有人怀疑孔子通过灵公身边的人得到他的注意——灵公的夫人南子或宦官雍雎。“奥”,居室西南隅最阴暗的角落,大部分注疏认为,这就是王孙贾所说的“奥”的意思,以此暗指灵公的小圈子。王孙贾是卫国大夫和将领,就像“灶”是明处的神,在政治和军事上对外界的影响力都很大。因此,一些学者认为,王孙贾是在借时俗媚灶之说暗示孔子,与其寻求国君亲信,不如投向我。对于这样的建议,或是任何放低姿态借私人关系获得官位的建议,孔子都予以驳斥。孟子为孔子在卫国的行为辩护,认为如果孔子愿意通过不当的手段取得官位,他会接近灵公最得意的宠臣,也就是他的弟子子路的亲戚弥子瑕。在孟子看来,孔子没有找弥子瑕帮忙,证明“孔子进以礼,退以义”。
3. 14 子曰:“周监于二代,郁郁乎文哉!吾从周。”
The Master said, “Zhou took stock of the two previous dynasties. Splendid is her culture! I follow the Zhou.”
周文化建立在此前夏商二朝的基础上。周王回顾夏商的礼,并且“顺时施宜”“即民之心”。周朝幸能回顾和自省,以史为镜,因此在孔子看来,周文化更为伟大和优雅。何况孔子自己就是鲁国人,而鲁国因与周公的联系成为传承周文化的中心。
3.15 子入太庙,每事问。或曰:“孰谓鄹人之子知礼乎?入太庙,每事问。”子闻之,曰:“是礼也。”
When the Master entered the Temple of the Great Ancestor, he asked questions about everything. Someone remarked, “Who said that the son of the man from Zou knew the practice of the rites ? When he entered the grand temple, he asked questions about everything.”When the Master heard this, he said, “Asking questions is the correct practice of the rites.”
“太庙”是周公的宗庙。“邹人”指的是孔子的父亲叔梁纥,据孔安国考证,他曾是鄹(又作郰)邑的大夫。关于孔子“每事问”至少有三种解释。一些学者相信即使孔子“知之”,也是“慎之至”,因此知之而复问。另一些人认为,鲁国国君行礼时,用了应属天子的礼器、袍冠和祭牲,孔子提这些问题的目的是让鲁君和大夫解释自己的行为。我倒觉得,孔子对礼明知故问是因为每个场合都不同,所以他在行礼时会表现初次接触的态度。提问可以强化意识,使礼的体验更生动。因此孔子说,“每事问”是礼最好的实践方式。
3.16子曰:“射不主皮,为力不同科,古之道也。”
The Master said, “It is stated, ‘In ritualistic archery, the object is not hitting the hide [of the target] [ 主皮 ] because men do not have equal strength.' This was the way of ancients.”
孔子在这里所说的“射”是“礼射”,伴乐进行,意在从人的行为举止中寻找中心,强化“中”的概念。在早期有关礼的文献记载中,这与军事操练中注重力量和精确的“武射”不同。《礼记》记载:“故心平体正,持弓矢审固;持弓矢审固,则射中矣。”大多数英文翻译参照宋代学者的诠释,将“主皮”译为“贯革”的意思。但程树德引汉代注疏,认为“主皮”只是说“着于皮”, “主皮之射为尚力”。
3.17 子贡欲去告朔之饩羊。子曰:“赐也!尔爱其羊,我爱其礼。”
Zigong wanted to do away with the practice of sacrificing a lamb in the ceremony of announcing the beginning of a month [ 朔]. The Master said, “Si, you don't want to waste a lamb, whereas I don't want to see the rite disappear.”
周朝前半期,天子会在秋冬之交召集诸侯,颁布来年的历法,当中会说明诸如有无闰月、每月的朔日是哪天等事宜。这是周天子宣示他统治国家的一种形式。诸侯将历书带回自己的宗庙,在每个月的第一天上朝听政之前,都会到祖庙昭告朔日兼而有祭。这个祭仪就是“告朔”,有“苏”(更新)的含义,以示国君每个月都会振兴朝政。但到周朝后期,天子不再举行这一仪式。大约公元前611年,也就是孔子出生前一百年左右,鲁国也不复“告朔”。所以子贡问孔子,为什么要为无人在意的仪式牺牲一头羊呢?孔子回答,即便如此,他不能放弃这种礼。孔子流露的怀念,不仅是他内心的反映,可能还表明他希望恢复“朔”祭。这或许是一厢情愿,但可以理解,毕竟孔子对周礼的政治效力抱有信心。
3.18 子曰:“事君尽礼,人以为谄也。”
The Master said, “If in serving your ruler you try to do everything correctly by the rites, others will look upon you as being obsequious.”
这是孔子在观察他人是如何看待一个侍奉君主并注意礼节的人。在孔子看来,僭越之举屡见不鲜,世人难以分辨对错,所以将恪守礼法的人视作“谄”。
3.19 定公问:“君使臣,臣事君,如之何?”孔子对曰:“君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠。”
Duke Ding asked, “How should a ruler treat his ministers, and how should the ministers serve their ruler? ”
Confucius replied, “The ruler should treat his ministers in accordance with the rites. The ministers should serve their ruler by doing their best.”
定公是孔子在鲁国服事的最后一位国君,也是导致孔子流亡的原因之一。这段对话发生时,孔子一定还是鲁国的大司寇。在此期间,他希望找到方法,帮助定公夺回身为鲁君应有的权力。此处他提出,君主应该“使臣以礼”。汉代和宋代经学家认为这句话的意思是,如果君主不违礼,那么大臣会上行下效,尽心竭力地辅佐君主。但明代学者焦竑和清代学者俞正燮提出另一种诠释。焦竑征引古代文献说:“‘惟礼可以为国。’是先王维名分,绝乱萌之具也。”俞正燮认为,“礼”和“仪”不同——孔子不可能是在劝定公对那些使他看起来有如弄臣的大夫更“恭敬退让”。俞正燮写道:“礼所以守其国,行其政令,无失其民。”
3.20 子曰:“《关雎》乐而不淫,哀而不伤。”
The Master said,“In the guanju poem, there is joy but no immodest thoughts; sorrow but no self-injury.”
孔子叫儿子学《诗经》,让诗教他说话之道,因为诗中的言语总是恰当的:思无邪。在孔子看来,《诗经·国风》的第一首诗《关雎》是此一观点的最佳诠释。这首诗中的说话人是一个年轻男子,也许是一位王子,在渴望他心仪的女子:“求之不得,寤寐思服。”然而这种渴望并未置他于可怜的境地,思恋也不至于越礼。他没有公开宣扬他的情感,而是从周围的男男女女那里寻求帮助。“琴瑟友之”,诗歌这样写道,“钟鼓乐之”。
3.21 哀公问社于宰我。宰我对曰:“夏后氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰,使民战栗。”子闻之,曰:“成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎。”
Duke Ai asked Zai Wo about the altar to the god of the soil [ 社 ].
Zai Wo replied, “The Xia used pine. The Shang used cypress. The Zhou used chestnut [ 栗 ], in order, they say, to make the people tremble [ 栗 ].”
When the Master heard about this, he said, “Don't try to explain what is already done. Don't attempt to remonstrate about what is finished. Don't decry what is already past.”
公元前497年孔子被迫离开鲁国前,宰我成为他的弟子。像子贡、颜回和子路一样,孔子周游列国时,宰我随侍在侧。
“社”可以指社稷的神坛或木主——松、柏,或栗,也可以指木主的材料或社木,即神坛周围种的树木。孔子为何驳斥宰我所说的话,一个简单的解释是,宰我太过自作聪明,妄为之说。社木需适宜神坛周围的水土,这意味着所种植的社木会随着地区和国家而变化。因此孔子认为,宰我所说的夏商的情况没有历史根据,他建议哀公种栗以“使民颤栗”,听来也可悲。多数注疏倾向于这种诠释,尽管孔子的回答与宰我和哀公的对话没有直接关联。刘宝楠提出另一种理论。他认为,宰我对哀公的回答有言外之意,实为促哀公对三桓下手;孔子听说后,认识到宰我的意图,出言劝阻“既往不咎”,意指过去的所作所为致使鲁国公室地位衰微。
3. 22 子曰:“管仲之器小哉!”或曰:“管仲俭乎?”曰:“管氏有三归,官事不摄,焉得俭?”“然则管仲知礼乎?”曰:“邦君树塞门,管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知礼,孰不知礼?”
The Master said, “Guan Zhong was a man of small capacity.”
Someone said, “Does this mean that Guan Zhong was frugal? ”
The Master said, “Mr. Guan had three residences, yet every officer on his staff had no separate duty other than the one he was assigned. How could this be considered frugal? ”
“In that case, did he understand the rites? ”
“Rulers of states put up gate screens [in front of their palaces]. Mr. Guan also put up a gate screen. Rulers of states, when entertaining another ruler, had an earthen stand to be used for wine cups after the guests had drained their cups. Mr. Guan also had such a stand. If Mr. Guan understood the rites, who does not understand the rites? ”
管仲与公元前七世纪的齐桓公关系密切。桓公是春秋时期最有权威和声名的诸侯,也是第一个称霸的诸侯。在许多历史学家看来,是管仲为相,辅佐他到达这样的地位。然而孔子却说管仲器量小。被问到何以这样说时,孔子未直接回答,而是反驳了管仲节俭与知礼的看法。这显然给了读者很大的想象空间。一些学者认为管仲身为大夫,显示出自身局限——就像一个器量狭小的人——因为在他的引导下,桓公只成就了霸业而非真正的君王。十八世纪学者程瑶田则给出一种更体面的解读。他认为大器的人“容事功”,不会无法自持。尧帝就是这样的人,因为“尧德如天,而即以天为其器”。但管仲不像尧:“其富贵愈显者,其淫益张,三归具官,穷奢极侈,以张其富,盖不能容其富贵矣。”不过孔子并没有囿于“管仲之器小”的观点。在14.16和14.17中,孔子从另一种角度为管仲提出有力的辩护,显示出他判断人格时的灵活性。在这个例子以及几乎所有此类例子中,孔子都尽可能先对人深入了解再做出评价。
3.23子语鲁大师乐,曰:“乐其可知也:始作,翕如也;从之,纯如也,皦如也,绎如也,以成。”
The Master, speaking about music with the Grand Musician of Lu, said, “This much can be known about music. It begins with vigorous playing [ 翕如 ]. And when it goes into full swing, [the sound] is pure and harmonious, [the notes are] bright and distinct, and [the passages] fluent and continuous until the music reaches the end.”
“翕如”的意思可能是“协奏”,但我的理解遵循郑玄的说法,他认为仪典音乐始为“金奏”,因为这有“人皆翕如,变动之貌”的效果。对此,刘宝楠补充道,在听到鼓钟后,人会“乐进也”。一些注疏认为音乐“从之”指的是八种乐器(金石丝竹匏土革木)合奏的声音。“绎”是关键的时刻。刘宝楠指出,它超越了协奏和谐之效,让音乐拥有自己的生命,就像“草木犹有生意者也”。
孟子认为,可以由孔子对乐的看法来认识其人:孔子“可以仕则仕,可以止则止,可以久则久,可以速则速”,合乎时宜,是“圣之时者”;因此,当合奏完美进行时,“金声而玉振之也”,他的行为有“条理”。孔子自己认为,乐达到文化的极致。他深深尊敬乐师。这些乐师之所以以奏乐为业,是因为眼盲:“以其无目,无所睹见,则心不移于音声。”
3.24 仪封人请见,曰:“君子之至于斯也,吾未尝不得见也。”从者见之。出曰:“二三子何患于丧乎?天下之无道也久矣,天将以夫子为木铎。”
A border official from the district of Yi asked to have an interview with Confucius, saying, “I have never been denied an interview with a gentleman who has come to this place.”Followers of Confucius arranged a meeting for him, and when he came out, he said, “Why should you worry about [your teacher] not having an official position? The world has been without the Way for a long time now. Heaven is about to use your master as the wooden tongue of a bronze bell.”
一个从卫晋二国边境来的小官员发表了一番对孔子的看法,有预言的意味。他告诉追随孔子周游列国的弟子们,不要对夫子不能从仕感到绝望,因为天意要以夫子为木铎传道于天下,达到更高的成就,远超过做官所能及。但天意究竟想让孔子做什么?孔子要如何卸下“木铎”的责任?刘宝楠认为,过去的帝王“将有新令,必奋木铎以警众,使明听也”, “文事奋木铎,武事奋金铎”。而孔子没有官位,无法用政治途径宣扬他的学说。不过,后世的追随者认为,他可以“删诗、书,正礼乐,修春秋”,这样,他也就像铜钟的木铎一样。比起最有权势的帝王发出的法令,孔子的言论影响更为深远。
3.25 子谓《韶》:“尽美矣,又尽善也。”谓《武》:“尽美矣,未尽善也。”
Of the shao music, the Master said, it was perfectly beautiful and perfectly good. Of the wu music, he said, it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.
《韶》是圣人舜的乐名。它讲述了尧帝将权力禅让给舜,一个“山野之人”的故事。因为尧帝从别人那里得知,舜对德的热爱无人可比。《史记》记载,当此乐在舜帝的宫中演奏时,就连神明、魂灵和鸟兽都被吸引——他们都朝服了。孔子第一次听到韶乐是在齐国宫廷,“三月不知肉味”。他说,“不图为乐之至于斯也”。《武》与周朝开国君主武王有关。《武》乐反映了武王征服商朝的英雄事迹,所以可谓“尽美”。但武王不像舜帝那样以文德有天下,而是用武力得天下,即便初衷是为了恢复秩序。因此,《武》乐不“尽善”。
3.26 子曰:“居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉?”
The Master said, “To be without tolerance when in a high position, without respect when performing the rites, without sorrow when in mourning——what is the point of witnessing such things? ”
汉代思想家董仲舒的诠释如下:“君子攻其恶,不攻人之恶……是故以自治之节治人,是‘居上不宽’也。以治人之度自治,是‘为礼不敬’也。‘为礼不敬’则伤行,而民弗尊;‘居上不宽’则伤厚,而民弗亲。”