第一章 名词性从句
名词性从句的功能
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句的构成
与汉语表达不一样,在英语表达中,一个句子不能直接充当另一个句子的成分,必须加上合适的连接词来加以引导。根据连接词的不同,名词性从句可以分为两大类:
that连接词:that,whether和if(注此类连接词以that为代表,在从句中不充当任何成分)。
wh-连接词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which,when,where,how,why(这类连接词的组成主体是特殊疑问词)。
第一节 主语从句
一、理解
主语从句就是在一个句子里充当主语的句子。
二、构成
1.由两类连接词引导的主语从句
(1) that连接
【例如】
That he survived the earthquake is a miracle.
[译文] 他在地震中幸免于难,这是个奇迹。
That he will go abroad to take advanced study seems unlikely.
[译文] 他要出国深造似乎不大可能。
That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising.
[译文] 比尔和朱丽叶离婚并不令人惊讶。
Whether he agrees to the plan or not makes no difference.
[译文] 他同意不同意此计划无所谓。
注此处的连接词that/whether没有词义,在从句中不作任何语法成分,只起引导主语从句的作用,但不可省略。
(2) wh-连接
【例如】
What he said on that occasion greatly shocked me.
[译文] 他在那个场合说的话令我很震惊。
Whatever is worth doing should be done well.
[译文] 任何值得做的事都应该做好。
How he escaped from the prison in broad daylight is a mystery to us.
[译文] 光天化日之下他是如何越狱的,这对于我们是个谜。
When we will end this negotiation is quite important.
[译文] 我们何时结束这场谈判非常重要。
2.主语从句后置的情形
名词性从句作主语时,在结构形式上会给人一种头重脚轻的感觉(如上述各例句),为避免这种句式结构的不平衡,常借用代词it来代替此名词性从句,而将此从句进行后置,这时的it就是形式主语(假主语),真正的主语是后置的主语从句(真主语)。
【例如】
It is a miracle that he survived the earthquake.
[译文] 他在地震中幸免于难,这是个奇迹。
It makes no difference whether he agrees to the plan or not.
[译文] 他同意不同意此计划无所谓。
It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.
[译文] 为什么大学生似乎比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧,从来没有人解释得清楚。
常见的it作形式主语的结构有以下四种:
(1) It+be+形容词+that-从句
It is necessary that ...有必要……
It is important that ...重要的是……
It is obvious that ...很明显……
It is strange that ...奇怪的是……
It is likely that ...可能的是……
It is true that ...诚然……
【例如】
It is quite evident that a storm is coming.
It is clear to me that he is not a liar but a truth seeker.
(2) It+be+-ed分词+that-从句
It is believed that ...人们相信……
It is known to all that ...众所周知……
It has been decided that ...已决定……
It must be pointed out that ...必须指出的是……
It is to be discussed that ...有待讨论的是……
It is said that ...据说……
【例如】
It has been decided that the book be revised.
(3) It+be+名词+that-从句
It is common knowledge that ...……是常识
It is a surprise that ...令人惊奇的是……
It is a pity that ...遗憾的是……
It is no wonder that ...不足为奇的是……
It is a mystery that ...让人迷惑不解的是……
【例如】
It is a little known fact that there were already half a million Germans in America at the time of the American Revolution.
[译文] 美国在独立战争时期就已经有50万的德国移民,这是一个鲜为人知的事实。
(4) It+不及物动词+that-从句
It happens that ...碰巧……
It occurred to me that ...我突然想起……
It turned out that ...结果是……
It seems/appears that ...好像……
【例如】
It was not until he got to an ATM that it occurred to me that he had left his card at home.
[译文] 直到来到自动柜员机面前,我才突然想起他把银行卡落在了家里。
It does not matter whether they turn up or not.
[译文] 他们来不来没关系。
第二节 宾语从句
一、理解
宾语从句就是在一个句子里充当宾语的句子。
二、构成
由两类连接词引导的宾语从句。
1. that连接
【例如】
John said that he was to be promoted to general manager next month.
[译文] 约翰说下个月他将被提拔为总经理。
Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
[译文] 专家们证实,美洲狮除非被逼入困境,否则不会攻击人类。
Looking at his watch,he saw that it was one o'clock.
[译文] 看了看表,他注意到是一点钟。
I was wondering whether I should bring my girl friend to the gathering.
[译文] 我在考虑聚会时是否应该带女友过去。
注此处的连接词that/whether没有词义,在从句中不作任何语法成分,只起引导宾语从句的作用,通常可以省略。
2. wh-连接
【例如】
I wonder why he deserted his enviable well-paid position.
[译文] 我不明白他为什么要辞掉那个令人羡慕的高薪职位。
That will depend on where we shall go.
[译文] 这要取决于我们去的地方。
He asked me which room he could have and I offered him number.
[译文] 他问我他可以入住哪间房,我就告诉了他房间号。
Armed with a torch,the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
[译文] 牧师带上手电筒,上了塔楼,去看发生了什么事。
三、用法
从具体用法来看,宾语从句分为三种:动词宾语从句、介词宾语从句和形容词宾语从句。
1.动词宾语从句
有些动词习惯上可连接宾语从句,这就要求我们平时在学习动词时,要特别注意。
【例如】
He admitted that he had cheated.
The boy dreamed that he was flying to the outer space.
The players believed that they would win the game sooner or later.
He wondered if the word was mis-spelt.
He has informed me when they are to solve the problem.
Mike promised us that he would offer us more help later on.
注动词+it+that结构。
正如我们常用it作形式主语,代替真正的that主语从句一样,我们也常借用it作形式宾语,把作为真正宾语的that从句放在句尾。
【例如】
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should carry on the newly-devised policy.
[译文] 我们认为继续贯彻这一新制定的政策是绝对有必要的。
He has made it clear that he will never forgive us.
[译文] 他已说得很清楚了,不会原谅我们。
I have made it clear that I will never go back on my word.
[译文] 我已经说得很清楚了,我决不食言。
2.介词宾语从句
介词后面的宾语从句通常是由wh-连接构成的,这是因为大部分介词后不能接that引导的宾语从句。即使有例外,也仅限于一些固定搭配,例如:in that(因为),but that(要不是),except that(除了),save that(除了),besides that(除了)和beyond that(除了)。
【例如】
Whether he can succeed depends on how well he operates.
[译文] 他是否能够成功取决于他的操作水平。
Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.
[译文] 我们是否觉得一个笑话可笑,很大程度上取决于我们是在哪里长大的。
He was not conscious of what a big mistake he had made.
[译文] 他没有意识到他犯了一个大错。
例外情况如下:
He failed to arrive at the airport punctually in that he had suffered a terrible traffic jam.
[译文] 他之所以没能准时到达机场是因为他遇到了严重的塞车。
The essay was perfect except that there were some spelling mistakes.
[译文] 除了一些拼写错误,这篇文章是很优秀的。
She knew nothing besides that he was such a bore.
[译文] 她只知道他是个讨厌鬼,别的一无所知。
He was at a loss what to do beyond that the situation demanded something romantic.
[译文] 这种场合是要有点浪漫的,除此以外,他很迷茫,不知该做什么。
But that I saw it I could not have believed it.
[译文] 要不是亲眼看到,我是不会相信的。
There was not a sound save that from time to time a child cried.
[译文] 除了不时传来的孩子的哭声,没有一点声音。
注在句式结构的分析中,上述例外情形中的that宾语从句常和其前面的介词一起被视作介词短语,在句中作状语成分。
3.形容词宾语从句
某些表示“主观感受”的形容词,在语义逻辑上等同于谓语表达,此时后面连接的名词性从句可理解为它的宾语,即形容词宾语从句。
【例如】
We are fully convinced that John was the winner of the speech contest.
[译文] 我们完全相信约翰是此次演讲比赛的获胜者。
I am afraid that you've misunderstood your boss.
[译文] 我担心你误解了你的老板。
We are not sure whether/if we can persuade him out of smoking.
[译文] 我们不能确定能否说服他戒烟。
此类形容词常见的还有:
ashamed,anxious,aware,annoyed,certain,confident,convinced,disappointed,determined,glad,proud,pleased,satisfied,surprised,sorry,thankful,worried等。
第三节 表语从句
一、理解
表语从句就是在一个句子里充当表语的句子。表语从句放在系动词后,充当复合句的表语,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。
二、构成
由两类连接词引导的表语从句。
1. that连接
【例如】
The truth is that he lacks the decisiveness to be a leader.
[译文] 事实是他缺乏作为领导者应有的决断力。
My opinion is that we take the initiative into our own hands.
[译文] 我认为我们应该采取主动。
What I dislike about the deal is that it is really dishonest.
[译文] 我之所以不喜欢这个交易,是因为它是欺诈性的。
The question is whether he should give his opponent a hand.
[译文] 问题是他是否应该帮助自己的对手。
2. wh-连接
【例如】
The king's concern is who will succeed to his throne.
[译文] 国王焦虑的是,由谁来继承自己的王位。
What he worries about is how his family shall pull through the current crisis.
[译文] 他所担心的是,自己的家庭该如何摆脱眼前的危机。
The question put forward by the consultant is what the management is to do with the workers' strike.
[译文] 顾问提出的问题是,管理方应该如何应对工人们的罢工。
第四节 同位语从句
一、理解
同位语从句就是在一个句子里充当同位语的句子。同位语从句常放在具有一定内容性的名词之后,对前面的名词作进一步的意义解释。
【例如】
The news that we are invited to the seminar is true.
[译文] 我们被邀请参加研讨会的消息是真的。
注that引导的同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,因此本质上等同于一个“名词”。它和前面的名词是“同位”的关系,对其作进一步的意义补充。通常来讲,同位语和其前面的名词功能对等,可进行位置转换。
【例如】
The news that we are invited to the seminar is true.(The news=that...)
可以说:The news is true.
也可以说:That we are invited to the seminar is true.
二、构成
由两类连接词引导的同位语从句。
1.一般由that连接
【例如】
I lent him my car on condition that he would return it before the weekend.
[译文] 我把车借给了他,条件是周末前还我。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.
[译文] 爱因斯坦得出结论:宇宙中最快的速度是光速。
I'm greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father passed away yesterday.
[译文] 当我听到他父亲昨天过世的消息时,感到很震惊。
His proposal that college students should wear uniform met with strong resistance.
[译文] 他建议大学生应该穿校服,但受到了强烈的抵制。
2.有时也可用wh-连接
【例如】
There arose the question when we could achieve our purpose.
[译文] 我们什么时候可以实现目标,这一问题已经出现。
The question what he shall do with such a large sum of money came to him suddenly.
[译文] 他突然想到一个问题:他将如何处理这样一大笔钱。
The debate whether there should be more free sports facilities for the public continued.
[译文] 是否应该为公众提供更多的免费体育设施,这一争论仍在继续。
I have no idea how I can make myself understood.
[译文] 我不知道怎样才能让别人理解自己。
注连接同位语从句的名词通常具有一定的内容性,具体可参见下列名词:
belief相信,fact事实,hope希望,idea想法,doubt怀疑,news消息,rumor传闻,conclusion结论,evidence证据,suggestion建议,problem问题,order命令,answer回答,decision决定,discovery发现,information消息,opinion观点,possibility可能性,principle原则,truth真理,promise许诺,report报告,thought思想,statement声明。
三、同位语从句的分裂情形
为了使句式结构得到平衡,不至于头重脚轻,有时同位语从句与所解释的名词之间会被别的句子成分分隔开,这就是“名饰分裂”,即名词和其修饰语的分裂。
注同位语从句的分裂情形仅是“名饰分裂”的一种。
【例如】
An idea came to her that she might try another way.
[译文] 她想到自己可以换个方法试试。
The news is not true that we are having a holiday.
[译文] 我们要度假的消息不是真的。
The order came to us that all people should evacuate the village.
[译文] 我们接到命令,要求所有的人撤离村子。
He got a message from Mr.Johnson that the appointment was cancelled.
[译文] 他从约翰逊先生处获悉,任命已被取消。
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma was spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously.
[译文] 有人报告说在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只野生美洲狮,当这些报告传到伦敦动物园时,它们并未被认真对待。
The question came to him suddenly what he shall do with such a large sum of money.
[译文] 他突然想到一个问题:他将如何处理这样一大笔钱。
四、常用于同位语从句的结构
on condition that以……为条件
on the supposition that以……为假设;基于
on the ground(s) that原因是;根据
with the exception that除了
in spite of the fact that尽管事实是
on the understanding that条件是
on the assumption that基于……的假设
【例如】
He resigned on the ground(s) that his health was failing.
[译文] 由于健康状况的恶化,他辞职了。
They reached a merger agreement on the understanding that both parties would be committed to expanding the market share of the company in Europe.
[译文] 他们达成了合并协议,条件是双方共同致力于开拓公司在欧洲市场的份额。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
试比较下列例句。
The news that he passed the exam was encouraging.
[译文] 他通过考试的消息令人鼓舞。(同位语从句;解释news的内容)
The news(that) she told me was encouraging.
[译文] 她告诉我的消息令人鼓舞。(定语从句;that替代the news,在从句中作told的宾语)
由上述例句可知,两种从句有以下区别:
第一,定语从句中的that替代先行词,具有先行词的词义,并在从句中作特定成分(主语、宾语或表语),且在从句中作宾语时可省略;而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,没有替代对象,不具有任何词义,不充当从句的任何成分,并且that一般不可省略。
第二,定语从句是形容词性从句,其功能是修饰先行词,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性从句,等同于先行词,其功能是对名词作意义上的补充说明。
以下公式可用于判断同位语从句和定语从句:
that+完整的句子→同位语从句
that+不完整的句子→定语从句
【例如】
The suggestion(that he should start at once) was advanced by the director.
[译文] 他应该立刻开始,这一建议是由主任提出的。(同位语从句)
The suggestion(that he put forward at the meeting) has been turned down.
[译文] 他在会议上提出的建议已被否决。(定语从句)
第五节 名词性从句的重难点
有些wh-疑问词所引导的名词性从句,在形式上和上述的名词性从句完全一致,但在意思逻辑上却并无“疑问”之意,也无“感叹”之意,而是相当于一个表示泛指的名词作先行词加上一个定语从句,表示一种“陈述”。判断它的标准就是该句子在上下文中有无“疑问”或“感叹”之意,如果没有,则肯定属于此类特殊情形。
一、原理展示
◆例句1:
(What is one man's meat)is another man's poison.
=The thing(that is one man's meat)is another man's poison.
[译文] 萝卜青菜,各有所爱。
◆例句2:
I'll eat(whatever you cook).
=I'll eat anything(that you cook).
[译文] 你做什么,我就吃什么。
◆例句3:
Is he(who you are looking for)?
=Is he the man(who you are looking for)?
[译文] 他就是你要找的人吗?
◆例句4:
I'll give the ticket to(whoever wants it).
=I'll give the ticket to anyone(who wants it).
[译文] 谁想要这张票,我就给谁。
◆例句5:
(Whoever breaks the window)pays.
=Anyone(who breaks the window)pays.
[译文] 谁打坏窗户谁赔。
◆例句6:
That's(how we handled the problem).
=That's the way(that we handled the problem).
[译文] 这就是我们处理此问题的方式。
◆例句7:
That's(why I don't go there any more).
That's the reason(why I don't go there any more).
[译文] 这就是我为什么不再去那里的原因。
二、挑战难句
◆例句1:
Reading is to the mind(what water is to fish).
=Reading is to the mind the thing(that water is to fish).
[译文] 阅读对于人的心智就像水对于鱼一样重要。
◆例句2:
His great grandfather was among the first to settle in(what is the famous mountain resort).
=His great grandfather was among the first to settle in the place (which is the famous mountain resort).
[译文] 他的曾祖父是最早定居在此山间旅游胜地的人之一。
◆例句3:
After(what seemed an endless wait),it was his turn to step into the employer's office.
=After the wait(that seemed an endless wait),it was his turn to step into the employer's office.
[译文] 经过没完没了的等待以后,终于轮到他进老板办公室了。
◆例句4:
Tell(whoever is waiting)that I will be back in ten minutes.
=Tell anyone(who is waiting) that I will be back in ten minutes.
[译文] 告诉所有等待的人,我十分钟后回来。