第一节 主题句扫描法——提高定位效率
一、1分钟扫描主题句
1. 雅思阅读文章的鲜明特征
对于雅思阅读文章,考生首先要明确两点:
(1)绝大多数段落都有主题句。雅思阅读文章的目的是传递信息,因而总体而言具有主题明确、结构清晰等特点,不会像文学作品那样充满悬念。所以绝大部分雅思文章都有标题,各个段落也都有主题句,抓住了标题和主题句,就能很快把握文章的大意了。
(2)以开门见山为主。文章在逻辑方面更侧重于“开门见山”,而不像中文小说那样委婉含蓄,百转千回,即多数段落的主题句都是段落的第一句,少数段落主题句的位置也会在其他的地方。
2. 主题句的位置
考生拿到试卷后,首先马上要做的事就是扫描标题和各段的主题句,了解文章的主旨大意。但请注意,每篇文章扫描主题句的时间不能超过1分钟。因为雅思考试阅读部分的时长是60分钟,共有3篇文章,总题数是40个,每道题目平均只有1.5分钟,可见时间是非常紧迫的。那么,考生应该怎样做才能准确快速地找到文章的主题句呢?扫描时遵循以下四个原则:
(1)两个最主要的句子——首句和尾句。“首句”是主题句最有可能出现的地方。这也与西方人写文章的习惯密切相关,他们在写文章的时候通常采用演绎法(deductive),也就是先给出一个观点或者概念,然后再分析或举出例子支持自己的观点,即总分的写作方法。在这种段落中,主题句则为段落的首句。但有的时候,主题句也会出现在段落的尾句,这是因为雅思文章有少数段落的展开方式是归纳法(inductive),即先举出例子,然后再提出总结性的观点。在这种情况下,主题句就是“尾句”。
(2)For example,For instance等“前面的句子是主题句”。段落中如果出现表示举例的标志词,如:For example, Good examples of... are等,考生就要注意,一般来说例子的前一句都是作者要表达的观点,因为举例子就是为了支持所提出的观点,而观点句往往是段落的主题句。
(3)However,But,Nevertheless以及It turns out that等词“所在的句子是主题句”。段落中句与句之间如果出现However,But,Nevertheless,It turns out that等连词,则意味着段落整体意思发生转折,即转折连词以后的部分是段落的重点,那么主题句往往就是这些词所在的句子。
(4)借助他人的观点做主题句。在某些情况下,作者会借助他人的观点来表达自己的观点,所以段落中引用他人说的话也很重要,很有可能就是主题句。如sb. has the view/opinion that +从句,则that所引导的同位语从句就是主题句。
3. 抓住主题句中的关键词——1分钟看透主题句
用上面的方法确定主题句的同时,还要迅速画出主题句中的关键词,以便提高定位答案的效率。对于刚开始练习的同学,不要急于求成,这一过程的时间可以限定为2~3分钟,多加练习并熟练这种思路方法以后,完全可以做到1分钟画出主题句中的关键词。
那么,哪些词可以作为关键词呢?
英语词汇有九种,为了讲解雅思阅读中的关键词,我们现将它们分成两大类:常用的虚词和特定的实词。
常用的虚词:代词、介词、冠词、连词、系动词(助动词和情态动词)、形容词、副词。
特定的实词:名词、数词、实意动词。
上述第一类词我们称之为虚词,这类词在文章中随处可见,所以它们不宜单独作为定位答案出处的关键词。我们主要是把第二类,即特定的实词作为关键词的范畴。
4. 利用主题句答题
快速阅读文章的标题和段落主题句,主要是为了以下两个目的:
(1)把握文章的大致结构,从而为每个题目更快地定位答案的出处。
(2)了解文章的主旨大意和题材,利用自己相关的背景知识,更快、更准地理解题目和定位句。
下面我们结合真题,看如何快速看懂文章的主题句并利用主题句答题。
二、真题示例
下面的文章和题目,主要是为了教会考生“如何快速看透主题句”以及“利用主题句中的关键词快速定位答案出处”,所以看文章时,请考生根据讲解的思路重点把握“主题句”和其中的“关键词”,然后再看题目,快速定位部分题目答案的出处。
【Cambridge IELTS 9 Test 3 READING PASSAGE 1】
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Attitudes to language
第一段
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.
译文:语言研究要做到系统性和客观性并不容易。语言学上的普通争论经常会发展成抨击和论战。语言是属于每一个人的,所以很多人觉得他们有权利对语言持有自己的意见。当意见相左时,则会激起人们的情绪。语言用法方面的小事,就能像语言教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。
精析:尾句是主题句。关键词是Arguments…start…usage…linguistic education(争议……出现……用法……语言教育)。
第二段
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
译文:此外,语言是一种非常具有公共性的行为,所以人们很容易留意、评论语言上的不同用法。社会和社会行为没有哪一方面能脱离语言:语言因素会影响到我们如何评判一个人的人格、智商、社会地位、教育标准、工作能力以及很多其他与身份和社会生存相关的方面。因此,当无意间发生语言攻击时,人们很容易伤害他人或者受到伤害。
精析:首句是主题句。关键词是public behaviour…different usages…noted…criticised(是公共行为……不同用法……被关注……被评论)。
第三段
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the 'standard' written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write 'correctly'; deviations from it are said to be 'incorrect'.
译文:广义上来讲,规定主义认为一种语言优越于其他语言,而且这种优越感也必须强加于使用该种语言的所有人身上。该观点是特别针对语法和词汇而提出的,但也经常涉及发音。因此,受人推崇的这种语言变体通常是“标准的”书面语言,尤其是在文学作品或最能反映这种风格的正式口语中。遵守这种语言规范的人会被视为能够“正确”说话或书写者;而偏离这种语言规范的人则被视为“不正确”。
精析:首句借助他人的观点作主题句。即prescriptivism…view后面由that引导的同位语从句是主题句,关键词是prescriptivism…view…one variety…higher value…imposed…speech community(规定主义……认为……某种……更高的价值……被应用于……语言社会)。
第四段
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to 'improve' the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on 'rules' of grammar. Some usages are 'prescribed': to be learnt and followed accurately; others are 'proscribed': to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.
译文:所有的主要语言都被人们规范地研究过,尤其是在18世纪的语法和词典的书写方法中。早期文法家的目的有三层:(1)他们想把他们的语言规则编写成文,以表明看起来混乱的用法有其系统性;(2)他们需要确定一个标准来解决语言用法上的争端;(3)他们想指出他们所认为的普遍的错误,以便“改善”语言。最能体现这一方法霸道之处的就是其对语法“规则”的倚重。其中一些用法是“规定的”,要严格学习和遵守;而另外一些用法则是“禁止的”,是要避免的。在这一方法发展的早期,没有折中的办法:用法要么对,要么错。而且文法家的任务不仅仅是要记录不同的语法,还要评判其对错。
精析:首句是主题句。关键词是studied prescriptively…18th century approach…writing of grammars…dictionaries(被规范地研究过……18世纪……语法……词典的书写方法)。
第五段
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe—to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that 'the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language'. Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.
译文:当时人们对语言的这些态度至今依然影响着我们,并且这些态度引起了一种广泛的关注,那就是语言规范应该被保持。然而,现在出现了另一种观点,该观点更多地倡导关注语言运用的事实而不是标准。该观点可以总结为:语法学家的任务是描述,而不是规定,是记录语言多样性的事实,而不是试图进行评判语言的变化或阻止语言的改变这一不可能完成的任务。在18世纪后半叶,我们已经发现了这种观点的支持者,比如约瑟夫·普里斯特利。他所著的《英语语法基础》(1761年出版)坚称“说话的习惯是最原始的,也是任何语言的唯一标准”。该书还认为,语言问题并不能靠逻辑和语法规定来解决。这一观点已经成为现代语言学语法分析方法的信条。
精析:Nevertheless“所在的句子是主题句”,该句也是“借助他人的观点作主题句”。即alternative…view后面由that引导的同位语从句是主题句,关键词是Nevertheless…alternative…view…concerned less…standards than…facts(然而……另一种观点……很少关注标准……更关注事实)。这里的alternative…view指的是和前面第三段主题句中的prescriptivism…view不同的观点。
第六段
In our own time, the opposition between "descriptivists" and 'prescriptivists' has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms—of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.
译文:在我们生活的年代,“描述主义者”和“规定主义者”的对立经常会过于极端,双方经常互相误解。描述派文法学家一直被认为不注重标准,因为在他们看来,语言的所有用法都是平等有效的。而规定派文法学家一直被认为盲目因循守旧。人们甚至还用准政治术语来描述——这是“激进的自由主义同精英保守主义”的对立。
精析:首句是主题句。关键词是opposition…descriptivists…prescriptivists(对立……描述主义者……规定主义者)。
扫描上面的文章,在1分钟内,我们所划出的各段主题句关键词如下:
以上画出的主题句关键词共40个,下面我们根据这些主题句关键词来定位各题目答案的出处。
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.
定位:题干中的关键词arguments occur和第一段主题句中的关键词Arguments…start对应,可知定位句出现在第一段。
2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
定位:题干中的关键词language education…usage和第一段主题句中的关键词 usage…linguistic education对应,主题句就是定位句:Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education. 该句中的as easily…as和题干中的more strongly…than意思不符,答案就是NO。
3 Our assessment of a person's intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.
定位:题干中的关键词assessment和第二段主题句中的关键词noted…criticised对应,可知定位句出现在第二段。
4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
定位:题干中的特殊关键词18th century在第四段主题句中重现,主题句就是定位句:All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. 该句并没有提及买语法书要花多少钱,答案就是NOT GIVEN。
5 Prescriptivism still exists today.
定位:该题无法根据主题句定位,但根据判断题出题的顺序规则,该题的定位句应该出现在上一题定位句的后面,也就是第四段及以后的段落。(考生看原文可知,定位句就是第五段第一句。)
6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.
定位:根据题干中的关键词,可知问的是descriptivists的观点,第三段先说了prescriptivism的观点,所以,第五段主题句中的关键词alternative…view(另一种观点)指的就是descriptivists的观点,可知定位句出现在第五段。
7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.
定位:题干中的关键词Descriptivism和上一题中的关键词descriptivists是同义替换,所以定位句也是出现在第五段。
8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.
定位:题干中的关键词descriptivists,prescriptivists在第六段主题句中重现,主题句就是定位句:In our own time, the opposition between 'descriptivists\ and 'prescriptivists' has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. 该句中的opposition和题干中的misrepresented意思一致,答案就是YES。
从上面的几个题目可以看出,画出主题句中的关键词后,除了第5题,其他题目都可以迅速定位答案出处,避免了“大海捞针”的盲目性,避免了大量阅读不必要的材料,从而极大提高了答题的速度和准确率。
下面继续看题目:
Questions 9-12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.
The language debate
According to 9 _____ , there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 _____ . Conversely, the view of 11 _____ , such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be based on 12 _____ .
定位:第9题关键词one correct form和第三段主题句中的关键词one variety…higher value对应,该句说的是prescriptivism的观点,它和选项H prescriptivists对应,可直接判断出答案是H。第10题关键词grammatical和第四段主题句中的关键词 grammars对应,可知定位句出现在第四段。第11题关键词Conversely…view…和第五段主题句中的alternative…view对应,该句说的是descriptivists的观点,可直接判断出答案是A。第12题可以在前一题后面根据人名Joseph Priestley快速找到定位句。
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer's purpose in Reading Passage 1?
A to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B to present a historical account of differing views of language
C to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D to show how a certain view of language has been discredited
定位:题干关键词是writer's purpose,标题Attitudes to language和选项B中的differing views of language对应,初步判断答案可能是B。此外,第一段主题句中的关键词arguments(争议)和最后一段主题句中的关键词opposition…descriptivists…prescriptivists(对立……描述主义者……规定主义者)也都和选项B对应,确定答案是B。
重要总结
通过扫描标题和各段主题句,在上面的13道考题中,有6道可以根据主题句直接判断出答案,有5道可以根据主题句中的关键词快速定位答案出现在哪个段落,只有2道题无法根据主题句定位。
统计如下:
可见,抓住了主题句中的关键词,有一半题目就可以直接确定答案了,其余绝大部分题目也很容易定位,从而大大提高了做题速度和准确率。在后面的九种题型详解和真题演练部分,我们会继续讲解这种方法的运用。经过这些讲解和演练,希望考生熟练掌握这种方法,考试时就可以大大提高定位速度和答案准确率了。