1.1.2 结构与逻辑

在听懂讲座的中心后，下一步就要听懂全文的结构和逻辑。讲座所选取的文章一般具有很强的线性结构性，一般为经典的主题句 +分论点 +论据形式：

·Introduction

—Opening (general / traditional concept)

—Thesis Statement/Definition

—Classi.cation

·Supporting Idea A/Classification 1

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Supporting Idea B/Classification 2

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Supporting Idea C/Classification 3

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Conclusion

—Brief Review of the Lecture

在提出中心论点后，讲座一般会将分论点组成平行结构进行论述，即每个分论点都会由相似的内容组成，包括对分论点或者分概念的名词定义以及举例说明。此时记录的重点在于分论点的定义及例证的概括内容，例证中的细节内容，比如具体的描述或者数字，一般在填空中很少涉及。

如何在信息庞杂的讲座中识别结构呢？这就要靠寻找关键信号词，即表示逻辑关系，比如表示顺序、例证、转折、原因结果、归纳总结等关系的词。在专八听力中常出现的关键信号词如下：

a. 顺序及列举

first, second, third….

first of all, the second point, thirdly…

b. 例证

for example, take…as an example

c. 转折

however, although, but

d. 原因结果

because, so, therefore, as a result

e. 归纳总结

in conclusion

f. 对比及比较

in comparison, by contrast, is different from

g. 解释与说明

that is to say, that is

鉴于历年专八的讲座题结构都很相似，并有规律可循，在平时训练中可以采取以下方式进行精听练习：

1.只听信号词。在不看文本的情况下只听讲座中的关键信号词，尤其注意表示结构及逻辑关系的词汇，听到一个信号词记录一个。

2.圈划信号词。在第一遍听力后，对照原文的文本，圈划信号词并与第一遍记录下的信号词进行对比。

3.整理信号词。将听力和圈划的信号词按照文章结构进行整理，并填补信号词后的信息句，写作大纲。

比如下面这段：

First, go to the library and read other works by the same author. Second, get to know something about what sort of meanings seem to be common in literary works in that particular tradition and at that time. In other words, we need to find out what the literary trends were in those days. And last, get to know what were the cultural values and symbols of the time. I guess you can understand the author's meaning much more clearly after you do the related background research.

第一遍注意听：First, Second, In other words, And last.

第二遍圈划以上词汇，注意平行结构。

第三遍整理大纲如下：

1st 1library, read works by the same author

2nd meanings, common, in that particular tradition and at that time (in other words) literary trends

3rd cultural values and symbols of the time

再比如下面这段包含大量平行及对比结构的段落：

Thirdly, art can reflect a culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that showed people and stories from the Bible. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of the art in the Mid-East was and still is its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that these images are unholy. Thus, on palaces, mosques and other buildings, Islamic artists have created unique decoration of great beauty with images of flowers and geometric forms, for example, circles, squares and triangles. The same is true of other places, like Africa and the Pacific islands. Art also reflects the religious beliefs of traditional cultures in these places. As a matter of fact, religion is the purpose for this art and is, therefore, absolutely essential to it. Traditional art in Africa and the Pacific Islands is different from Christian art. Christian art influences people's religious feelings towards God. But the goal of traditional art in Africa and the Pacific islands is the influence of spiritual power, that is gods to enter people's lives. Each tribe or village there has special ceremonies with songs and dances to make sure that crops, animals and people are healthy and in increasing number. The dancers in the ceremonies wear masks, headdresses and costumes that they believe are necessary to influence gods. So these masks and headdresses themselves are a very part of the art.

第一遍注意听：Thirdly, For hundreds of years in Europe, By contrast, Thus, also, for example, As a matter of fact, therefore, is different from, But, So

第二遍圈划以上词汇。注意出现的表示因果关系，转折关系及对比关系的词汇。

第三遍整理大纲如下：

Ⅲ. Art：reflect a culture's religious beliefs

e.g. (For hundreds of years) Europe: religious art—only type existed religious buildings (churches): people & stories from Bible

(By contrast) Middle-East: absence of human and animal images

(Islamic: unholy)

(Thus) unique decoration: flowers, geometric forms

((for example) circles, squares, triangles)

(Also) Africa & the Pacific islands: religious beliefs of traditional cultures

(As a matter of fact) religion=purpose of arts

(therefore) essential (different): —Christian art: influences peoples religious feelings towards God

(but) —A&P: influence of spiritual power, gods to enter people's lives

e.g. songs, dances=animals & people healthy and increasing

dancers: masks, headdresses & costumes—to influence gods—

(So) are a very part of the art