托福阅读高分全攻略
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上篇 夯实阅读基础之长难句加减法

Part 1 别在简单句上犯错误

01 句子成分知多少

复杂事物的形成一定是从简到繁的过程。要想了解托福的长难句如何破解,我们要先知道其最简单、最基本的组成成分,在英文语法中称之为句子成分。

常见的句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语、定语、状语和补语。

(1)主语

位置:常位于句子开头

作用:是整个句子的主要讨论对象

构成:名词、名词短语、代词、非谓语短语、从句等

例如:

●名词做主语:Lily is a girl.

●名词短语做主语:The cute dog ran to that house.

●代词做主语:He went to school.

●非谓语短语之

doing sth做主语:Studying English is very interesting.

to do sth做主语:To pass the exam is not easy.

●从句做主语:What you said means a lot to me.

●it做形式主语:It is not easy to pass the exam.

It is possible that I will be late.

当句子中的主语是名词、代词的时候,并不会给考生带来难点,反而是复杂的非谓语doing sth、to do sth或从句以及it做形式主语的时候有一定的混效性。

主语重难点it做形式主语的时候,真正的主语是后文的to do sth或从句。这是一个常考点。

(2)谓语

位置:常位于主语之后

作用:表达主语的活动、动作,是整个句子的核心所在

构成:动词、动词短语、助动词动词组合、情态动词动词组合等

例如:

●动词做谓语:He loves traveling.

●动词短语做谓语:The young student insisted on his opinion.

●助动词+动词组合:Your task had been finished by Tom.

●情态动词+动词组合:Lucy may forget the party.

●系动词+表语组合:Your mom looks very young.

谓语作为一个句子最核心的内容,构成形式相对比较简单,都与动词相关。一般理解长难句的时候,找到谓语是最关键的一环。

谓语重难点

√助动词+动词做谓语,何为助动词?

be动词、have(has,had)都是助动词,能够帮助动词的不同形式表达时态和语态,如:

现在进行时:He is doing his homework.

过去完成时:The soldier had returned to the battle field.

被动语态:My wallet was stolen by someone.

√情态动词+动词做谓语,何为情态动词?

常见的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, have to等。情态动词后面的动词形式一定是原形,与动词一起做谓语,共同表达主语的行为动作。

例如:

●You can't buy this purse.

●We should send the postcard to him.

√谓语动词在句子中一般只有一个,谓语进行并列除外(后文详细讲解并列关系)。因此一旦出现了一定做谓语的形式之后,其余的动词形式就不再充当谓语。

(3)宾语

位置:常位于谓语之后

作用:是谓语动词的支配对象

构成:名词、名词短语、代词、非谓语短语、从句等(与主语相同)

例如:

●名词做宾语:We bought a kite.

●名词短语做宾语:He sent a beautiful card to me.

●代词做宾语:I love him.

●非谓语短语做宾语之

doing sth做宾语:This group likes swimming.

to do sth做宾语:All the students here want to go abroad.

●从句做宾语:The words suggested that he has grown up.

●it 做形式宾语:New technology made it possible that this machine works more quickly.

(4)系动词

位置:常位于主语之后

作用:与表语一起表达主语的状态、感知等

构成:be动词、感官动词和趋势动词

例如:

●be动词:I am a student.

●感官动词:People feel very tired after the game.

●趋势动词:The weather kept hot.

系动词重难点

√感官动词有:feel,sound,smell,look,taste。

√常见的趋势动词做系动词:remain, keep, go, become, appear, grow, seem。

√系动词与普通动词的区别在于:普通动词后面加名词、名词短语或不加内容;系动词后面加名词、名词短语或形容词。

例如:

●He is eating an apple. an apple是名词短语eat是普通动词

●The weather kept warm. warm是形容词kept/keep是系动词

(5)表语

位置:常位于系动词之后

作用:与系动词一起表达主语的状态、感知等

构成:代词、名词、名词短语、形容词、非谓语短语、介词短语、从句

例如:

●代词做表语:That is yours.

●名词做表语:They are girls.

●名词短语做表语:She is a pretty lady.

●形容词做表语:The tree is growing taller and taller.

●非谓语做表语之

doing sth.做表语:The students kept practicing English at night.

to do sth.做表语:The result turned to be right.

●介词短语做表语:All of my money is in the bank.

●从句做表语:This is why I love him.

表语重难点系表结构与谓宾结构不同,系表结构表达的是主语本身的动作行为或状态,不涉及第二个人;而谓宾结构表达的是主语对宾语实施的动作。

例如:

●I met him in the café.本句中 met是谓语,him是宾语,met是主语I对him的动作。

●She is a pretty lady. 本句中is是系动词,a pretty lady是表语,一起表达了she的身份和状态,不涉及别人。

(6)定语

位置:常位于名词之前或之后

作用:修饰名词

构成:数词、名词、形容词、非谓语短语、介词短语、形容词短语、从句

例如:

●数词做定语:Three cats are climbing the tree.

●名词作定语:The apple store is located near the subway.

●形容词做定语:He bought a cute bag.

●形容词短语做定语:I have a lot of money.

●非谓语短语做定语之:

doing sth 做定语:The boy beating me is my brother.

done by… 做定语:The boy beaten by me is my brother.

●介词短语做定语:The computer on the table is mine.

●从句做定语:I knew the girl who told you the message.

定语重难点定语是构成托福长难句的重中之重,因此需要重点了解。

√前置定语:单个词做定语修饰名词,直接放在名词之前进行修饰。

例如:

●The running river is named Xiangjiang River.本句中running只有一个词,修饰river,因此放在river之前,与中文语序一样,不构成难点。

√后置定语:两个或多于两个词做定语修饰名词,则需要放在该名词的后面进行修饰,与中文语序不同,是较大难点。

例如:

●He sent me a letter with no word. 本句中with no word是由三个词组成的介词短语,放在letter后面进行修饰,修饰的是letter,本句意思为:他给我寄了一封没写一个字的信。中英语序不同,需要格外注意。

(7)状语

位置:常位于句子的开头、谓语动词之前或之后,位置比较灵活

作用:修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示状态、时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、程度、让步、条件等

构成:副词、非谓语短语、介词短语、从句

例如:

●副词做状语:He runs quickly.

●非谓语短语做状语:My mom was doing exercise to lose weight.

●介词短语做状语:Don't sing songs at night.

●从句做状语:We like you because you are very honest.

状语重难点状语的形式变化多端,位置也可前可后,甚至可以距离谓语动词很远。因此在遇到修饰成分的时候,可以先考虑其是否为前面名词的定语,如果前面没有名词或者不能修饰前面的名词,则考虑其为状语。

例如:

●On Monday, the chairman will come to our company. on Monday位于句子的开头,前面并没有出现名词,所以只能认定其为时间状语。

●Don't sing songs at night.at night在句子中位于结尾,前面有名词songs,但是从语义上判定at night并不能修饰songs,所以依然判定at night是一个时间状语。

(8)补语

位置:常位于句子的开头或者结尾,结尾最常见,位于宾语之后,也叫宾语补足语

作用:通常是一个句子表达的意思不够完整,需要用补语来补充句子的信息,从而使句子完整准确

构成:动词或动词短语、名词或名词短语、形容词、非谓语短语

例如:

●动词或动词短语做补语:We helped Lily do his homework.

●名词或名词短语做补语:People consider Zhang the best director in China.

●形容词做补语:Don't make him sad.

●非谓语短语做补语:Teacher asked me to come earlier.

补语重难点补语在阅读中以宾语补足语最为常见,同时,因为补语和定语都属于修饰成分,且宾语补足语同样修饰名词,所以我们在分析长难句的过程中可以忽略补语,只将其看作是对前面名词的修饰。

请分析以下句子的句子成分

[1]He and I cleaned the windows.

[2]Your hat is red and mine is blue.

[3]Who told you that joke?

[4]To give is better than to receive.

[5]It is clear that the environment is very important.

[6]We will understand that studying abroad is a good way to broaden our life.

[7]The apple smells fragrant meters away.

[8]She looks after her father carefully when he is ill.

[9]Staring at the computer screen for a long time harms people's eyes greatly.

[10]They like teachers who are humorous and friendly.

02 熟知5种简单句

句子成分要想构成句子,一般是通过以下公式进行的:

要想解决长难句问题,通常的做法是寻找句子主干。主语、谓语、宾语、系动词和表语会在句子中如何排列以构成句子的主干呢?在英语中,有五种简单句的基本构成,即任何一个句子拿掉修饰成分之后,最终将会剩下这5个简单句中的某一个。

(1)主语+谓语

这是英语句子最简单的形式,表达主语的行为动作。

例如:

●I do.

●The biggest hare ran away.

●A bird in the cage is singing loudly.

(2)主语+谓语+宾语

这种结构是在主谓结构的基础之上添加动作行为的宾语,重点表述主语和宾语之间的动作。

例如:

●I love you.

●The merchants sold the spices to European.

●The Chinese customers bought a lot of handbags in the outlet located in the suburb.

(3)主语+系动词+表语

主系表结构是通过系动词和表语共同表达主语的身份、状态等,一般不涉及主语以外的地方,句子中只有主语一个描述对象。

例如:

●That white car turned left.

●The flowers smelled very good.

●Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.

(4)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

当主谓宾在一起无法表达完整的句子意思的时候,就需要添加宾语补足语来补充句子意思,这类句子中常含有固定表达。

例如:

●The story made me cry.

●This system enabled the agriculture to develop very fast.

●The fat kept heat from escaping into the surrounding air.

(5)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

一般的句子中,一个宾语足以支撑句子的意思,但是在某些特定谓语动词出现时,通常会出现两个宾语,如含有“给”的意思的谓语动词便是如此,即中文中的“A给B某物”。

例如:

●Mom sent me a letter.

●I will make my friend a birthday cake.

●At last, I gave the policeman standing next to the liquor shop the penny found on the street.

综上所述,这5种简单句的基本构成是句法的基础,无论一个句子如何繁杂,删掉修饰成分之后都会剩下这5种结构中的一个。因此,熟练掌握这5种简单句的基本构成十分重要。

请分析以下句子属于哪种简单句的基本结构

1:Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.

2:Our country is a developing country that is on the way of becoming a developed country.

3:The shy boy writes the girl he has loved secretly for ten years a long letter.

4:I cleaned the windows and organized the room.

5:Each month my pocket money is always run out.

6:That little boy standing under the tree is eating a very big apple imported from the USA quietly.

03 快速识别简单句修饰成分

一个句子除了句子的主干之外,修饰成分也是句子的重要组成部分。从句子成分的角度划分,定语、状语和补语都是句子的修饰成分。

形容词、副词、名词等做修饰成分通常不会给考生带来太多干扰,所以,短语类和从句类做句子的修饰成分是长难句分析的重点。

常见的短语类修饰成分包含介词短语和非谓语动词短语,这两类短语可以在句子中充当定语、状语、补语,因此只要找到这两类短语将其从句子中删掉,便可以判定句子的主干。

(1)介词短语

我们在本书中提到的介词短语的构成为介词+名词,如in the room, on the table, within the week, below the bridge等。

介词短语在句子成分中的作用很大,针对托福阅读的常见情况,我们只需了解3种形式,即介词短语做表语、介词短语做定语和介词短语做状语。

例如:

●介词短语做表语:The bird was in a cage.

●介词短语做定语:I like the melon on the table.

●介词短语做状语:You can go there with your passport.

介词短语重难点介词短语做表语的情况不是非常常见,除非前面是系动词。最常见的情况是介词短语做定语和状语。

如何判断一个介词短语是定语还是状语呢?方法同上文状语的重难点一样,先看介词短语前是否有名词以及是否修饰前面的名词,如果是,则为定语,如果不是,则为修饰谓语动词或者句子的状语。

(2)非谓语动词短语

相比于介词短语,非谓语动词要复杂得多。三种非谓语动词短语的形式为:

doing sth:可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语

to do sth:可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语

doneby/with):可做定语、状语、补语

因为做主语、宾语和表语的时候,doing sth和to do sth的位置比较鲜明,因此在此处只讨论做修饰成分的情况。在做修饰成分的时候,三者分别表达不同的意义:

doing sth:表达主动动作或者正在进行

to do sth:表达目的、结果

done (by/with):表达被动动作或者完成

例如:

●非谓语动词短语做定语:The cat running after a mouse is mine.

●非谓语动词短语做状语:He bought a book to study English.

●非谓语动词短语做状语:Distributed by the wind, all the pollen spread far away.

非谓语动词短语重难点非谓语动词短语在句子中可做的成分较多,需要熟练掌握其位置和意义,否则在理解句子的过程中会弄混主被动关系。

非谓语动词短语中的done是最具有混淆性的一个,因为很多动词的done形式和did形式是一样的,如cause这个词的done和did都是caused。在阅读中如果遇到caused,如何判断其是done还是did的形式呢?要注意done做非谓语时候表达的是所修饰名词的被动意义,而did是名词的主动动作。

例如:

●The rate of death caused by war was increasing rapidly.caused修饰rate of death,表达的是rate of death被战争造成,是被动意义,所以caused by是一个非谓语动词短语,本句中的谓语是was increasing。

●The war caused the rate of death to increase rapidly. caused前文是the war,战争是主动造成rate of death迅速增加,所以caused是谓语did的形式。

(3)形容词短语

除了介词短语和非谓语动词短语两类之外,还有一类形容词短语,即形容词+介词形成的短语,如capable of、a lot of等,这类短语出现的频率不高,但是既可以做前置定语,也可以做后置定语,同时也可以做宾语补足语。

例如:

●形容词短语做前置定语:They gave the girl a little milk.

●形容词短语做后置定语:The basket full of fruits belongs to the old woman.

●形容词短语做宾语补足语:He is the only boy capable of playing soccer in my class.

形容词短语重难点根据上文对于宾语补足语的分析,为了分析方便,也可以直接将宾语补足语看作是后置定语,修饰其前面的名词。

找出句子中的介词短语非谓语动词短语和形容词短语并分析其作用是什么

[1]The city of New York is famous for its developed economy and fast pace of life.

[2]His love for this country is very great.

[3]They built a highway leading into the mountain.

[4]What's the language spoken in that region?

[5]Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active.

[6]Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

[7]He had a big family to support.

[8]Consolidated (or cemented)sediments contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

[9]By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water.

[10]The necessary space is there in many forms.

04 别被并列关系搞晕了

并列关系是构成句子的一个重要手段,并列关系即将两个或以上的词、短语或者句子用特定的并列词连接在一起,表达并列、选择或者转折的关系,从而使得句子的长度更长,表达的意思也更加完整和丰满。

常见的表达并列关系的词有:and, or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…, but, then, as well as等。

词和词之间可以进行并列,短语和短语之间也可以进行并列,同时句子和句子之间也能进行并列。因此,在我们看到句子中出现了并列词的时候,需要先判定并列成分是什么。

:一般情况下,相同形式的词、短语才可以进行并列,如doing sth和doing sth进行并列,形容词和形容词进行并列。

(1)词和词的并列

词和词的并列是一种相对简单的形式,找到并列关系词,一般看并列关系后边的内容,再往前找到相同形式的内容,即可判定两者进行并列。

例如:

●She is young and pretty.

●The students and teachers are all outside the classroom.

●Don't run or jump in the building.

(2)短语和短语的并列

短语和短语之间的并列更要求形式相同,如名词短语和名词短语需要进行并列,介词短语和介词短语进行并列。因此找到相同形式的短语是判断并列成分的重要一环。

例如:

●He put the books in the shelves or on the table.

●The little boy not only can read 4 foreign languages but also can speak those very fluently.

●You can either go swimming or go playing basketball.

●He turned around but didn't talk to me.

短语之间的并列难点较大,有时候出现插入成分或者形式不同的短语,也可以进行并列,比如最后一个例子中的turned around 和didn't talk to me,形式完全不同,前者是肯定,后者是否定,但是两者都是动词,也可以进行并列。

(3)句子和句子的并列

句子和句子的并列也是一种常见的形式,如果并列关系词后面的内容是一个完整的句子的话,则说明两种情况,一种是主语和主语的并列,另一种就是句子和句子的并列。后者是最常见的。在所有的并列关系词中,能完整进行句子并列的一般是and,or和but。

例如:

●He went away, and his daughter cried sadly.

●I can understand you, but I don't think I can forgive you.

●You have to go, or she will go.

(4)并列省略现象

并列关系本身不是一个特别的难点,但是在出现并列的时候因为常出现省略,所以对于句子准确性的把握会有一定影响。因此,如果出现了并列,其中一个并列成分的语义不完整的时候,可以看另一个并列成分的语义,从而对不完整的部分进行补全。

例如:

●Because the weather varied irregularly, you can't plant trees now, or flowers, either.

在这个句子中,or后面只出现了flowers,flowers与前文的trees进行并列,在并列的基础上出现了省略,本句的完整形式是:Because the weather varied irregularly, you can't plant trees now, or you can't plant flowers, either.但是无论是在口语中还是在书面语中,直接用flowers就可以便捷地表达句子的意思,让读者了解句子的含义,因此可以直接用并列省略的形式。但是如果在考题中出现了“Why can't you plant flowers now?”,也要知道前文的weather varied irregularly是原因,因为其是you can't plant trees now的原因,所以也是can't plant flowers的原因。

找出以下句子的并列关系词并判断并列成分

[1]He said he would try to write or he will let other people do this.

[2]This principle was not only valid in England but virtually everywhere.

[3]Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.

[4]As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites.

[5]It attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.

[6]This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.

[7]Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

[8]Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next.

[9]This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.

[10]The deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date.

05 长难简单句如何破解

在托福阅读中,并不是所有的句子都是含有单个或多个从句。有的句子虽然是简单句,并不包含从句,但是因为出现了多个修饰成分和并列成分,同样可能会构成长难句,为考生的学习和理解带来很大的困难。要想破解长难句,需要再复习一下句子的构成。

(1)语法知识回顾

通过上文的讲解可见,简单句只有五种基本形式,在理解上不应该存在任何难点。但是长难句的难点来自于修饰成分的复杂性。因此要想理解长难句,其中最重要的一个环节就是破掉修饰成分,将以上加法公式变成减法,只剩下句子的主干。

修饰成分的主要难点在于短语类,即介词短语、非谓语动词短语和形容词短语。

句子主干即简单句的五种基本构成:

主谓

主谓宾

主系表

主谓宾+宾补

主谓+间宾+直宾

(2)长难句方法讲解

在以上语言知识的基础之上,简单句在形成长难句之后的破解方法可以分为三步:

第一步:删去句子中的修饰成分

第二步:找到句子中的主干

第三步:分析删掉的修饰成分的作用

简而言之,这三个步骤为“删”“找”“析”,我们将此方法称为减法式阅读。

“删”即将句子中的介词短语、非谓语短语、形容词短语等修饰成分删去,删去之后,原来长难的句子会变短,只包含句子的主干。

“找”即在剩余的句子内容中找到句子的主干,也就是五种简单句的构成。这一步骤即可帮助考生了解句子的基本意义。

“析”是最重要的一步。上一步读懂了句子的主干,也只能明白句子的基本信息,要想了解句子的全部内容,必须要分析清楚每一个修饰成分的作用。根据上文的讲解,如果有介词短语和非谓语短语做修饰成分,一般要先去判定前文是否有名词以及能否修饰该名词,如果不能,则是谓语动词的状语。

(3)例题讲解

例题1 This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.

解析:

本句在理解过程中可以使用减法式阅读三步法进行分析。句子中的of food chain and climate是介词短语,可以删去,in less than fifty years也是介词短语可以删去。句子中便只剩下了“This disruption would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms.”。

句子中的主语是this disruption,谓语是would have eradicated,宾语是the dinosaurs and other organisms,标准的主谓宾结构。句子主干的意思是“这个破坏消灭了恐龙和别的生物”。

接下来要分析句子中被删去的修饰成分。of food chain and climate是一个介词短语,该介词短语前面存在名词disruption(of结构一般做定语),从语义上可以进行修饰。另一个被删掉的介词短语in less than fifty years前面也有名词other organisms,但是从语义上无法进行修饰,只能做时间状语。

因此,本句分析之后语义为:食物链和气候的破坏会在五十年的时间内消灭掉恐龙和别的生物。

中托福高频词:disruption,eradicate

例题2 The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.

解析:

利用减法式阅读三步法解析本句,先找到句子中的修饰成分。Building the canals是一个非谓语动词短语,to transport coal也是一个非谓语动词短语,to help them find the coal deposits也是一个非谓语短语,worth mining是一个形容词短语,as well as是一个并列词,后面的to determine the best courses是一个非谓语动词短语,for the canals是一个介词短语。值得注意的是,needed surveyors是非谓语动词done还是谓语动词did的形式呢?done的非谓语形式需要表达被动的含义,后面不能跟名词,因此needed后文跟了surveyors说明是did的形式。

如此一来,该句只剩下了:The companies needed surveyors. 也是一个典型的主谓宾的形式,该句语义就变得非常简单,即公司需要调查员。

最重要的一步是最后要分析所有被删除的修饰成分的作用,来补充和完善句子意思。Building the canals前文有名词companies,从语义上可以修饰;to transport coal前是名词canals,也可以进行修饰,说明canals的作用;to help them find the coal deposits 前面有名词surveyors,可以进行修饰,且surveyors是宾语,所以to help them find the coal deposits是一个宾语补足语,而as well as后面的to determine the best courses for the canals也一样做surveyors的修饰成分,来说明surveyors的工作内容。

因此,整句理解为:建造运河来运输煤的公司需要调查员来帮他们寻找值得开采的煤的沉积层,也帮他们决定对于运河来说的最好的走向。

中托福高频词:coal,deposit,mine,determine

例题3 In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels.

解析:

利用减法式阅读三步法进行解析。本句比前两个句子的长度还要长,修饰成分也有增加,但是利用三步法同样可以进行解析。In a countercurrent exchange system是一个介词短语,可以删掉,carrying cooled blood是一个非谓语动词短语,from the flippers是一个介词短语,接下来的run close enough to the blood vessels的run是谓语动词的run还是非谓语动词的run是一个焦点问题,在不确定的情况下只需要保留即可,因为一个句子中只有一个谓语,所以如果后文没有出现可以承担谓语的动词,则run就可以做谓语。后面carrying warm blood是非谓语动词短语,from the body是介词短语,to pick up some heat是非谓语动词短语,from the warmer blood vessels是介词短语。

鉴于一直到句子结尾都没有出现可以做谓语的动词,所以run close enough to the blood vessels的动词短语便可以承担谓语动词的任务,整个句子的主干为:the blood vessels run close enough to the blood vessels。语义为:血管靠近(另一组)血管。

从主干意义上看,句子的意思明显不够完整准确,因此,需要分析所有被删除的修饰成分的作用。In a countercurrent exchange system的前面并没有出现名词,因此只能修饰整个句子做地点状语;carrying cooled blood前文有blood vessels,语义上可以进行修饰;from the flippers修饰前文的cooled blood;后文的非谓语动词短语carrying warm blood的前文也有blood vessels,语义上也可以进行修饰;from the body修饰前文的warm blood;to pick up some heat表达的是目的或结果,语义上不能修饰前文的body,因此只能做状语,表达run的目的,后文的from the warmer blood vessels修饰前文的名词some heat。

因此,本句理解为:在逆流系统中,携带着来自于脚蹼的冷血的血管靠近携带着来自身体的热血的血管,去从热一点的血管中获取热量。

托福高频词:exchange,countercurrent,heat

请用长难句的三步法分析以下句子

[1]Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central.

[2]Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.

[3]Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.

[4]Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body.

[5]Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor.

[6]David Douglas found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.

[7]The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.

[8]In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith.

[9]At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.

[10]Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara.

[11]The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago.

[12]The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

[13]With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.

[14]Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.

[15]Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

[16]The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.

[17]It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

[18]Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

[19]General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

[20]Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.

06 参考答案

(1)句子成分练习

请分析以下句子的句子成分。

[1]He and I cleaned the windows.

主语是he and I,谓语是cleaned,宾语是the window。

[2]Your hat is red and mine is blue.

句子有两个部分组成,and连接两个句子。第一个分句的主语是your hat,系动词是is,表语是red;第二个分句的主语是mine,系动词是is,表语是blue。

[3]Who told you that joke?

主语是who,谓语是told,间接宾语是you,直接宾语是that joke。

[4]To give is better than to receive.

主语是to give,系动词是is,表语是better,补语是than to receive。

[5]It is clear that the environment is very important.

It是形式主语,is是系动词,表语是clear,真正的主语是that environment is very important.

[6]We will understand that studying abroad is a good way to broaden our life.

主语是we,谓语是will understand,宾语是that后面的从句;宾语从句中,主语是studying abroad,系动词是is,表语是a good way to broaden our life。

[7]The apple smells fragrant meters away.

主语是the apple,系动词是smells,表语是fragrant,状语是meters away。

[8]She looks after her father carefully when he is ill.

主语是she,谓语是looks after,宾语是her father,状语是carefully和when he is ill。

[9]Staring at the computer screen for a long time harms people's eyes greatly.

主语是staring at the computers screen,谓语是harms,宾语是people's eyes,定语是for a long time,状语是greatly。

[10]They like teachers who are humorous and friendly.

主语是they,谓语是like,宾语是teachers,定语是who are humorous and friendly。

(2)简单句基本结构练习

请分析以下句子属于哪种简单句的基本结构。

[1]Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.

基本结构是:主语+谓语+宾语+补语。

[2]Our country is a developing country that is on the way of becoming a developed country.

基本结构是:主语+系动词+表语。

[3]The shy boy writes the girl he has loved secretly for ten years a long letter.

基本结构是:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语。

[4]I cleaned the windows and organized the room.

基本结构是:主语+谓语+宾语。

[5]Each month my pocket money is always run out.

基本结构是:主语+系动词+表语。

[6]That little boy standing under the tree is eating a very big apple imported from the USA quietly.

基本结构是:主语+谓语+宾语。

(3)修饰成分练习

找出句子中的介词短语、非谓语动词短语和形容词短语,并分析其作用是什么。

[1]The city of New York is famous for its developed economy and fast pace of life.

介词短语of New York是定语,修饰the city;

介词短语for its developed economy and fast pace of life是状语,修饰is famous。

[2]His love for this country is very great.

介词短语for this country是定语,修饰his love。

[3]They built a highway leading into the mountain.

非谓语短语leading into the mountain,修饰a highway。

[4]What's the language spoken in that region?

非谓语短语spoken in that region,修饰language。

[5]Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active.

介词短语Among the men to take part in the work是状语,修饰后面的主干;

状语中的非谓语短语to take part in the work是后置定语,修饰the men。

[6]Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

形容词短语brave enough to take this adventure course,修饰students,做后置定语;

形容词短语 a lot of,修饰useful skills,做前置定语。

[7]He had a big family to support.

非谓语动词短语to support,做宾语补足语。

[8]Consolidated (or cemented)sediments contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

非谓语动词consolidated (or cemented)修饰sediments,做前置定语;

形容词短语millions of修饰minute water-holding pores,做前置定语。

[9]By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water.

介词短语by far做状语,修饰后面的句子;

形容词短语the most abundant type of修饰groundwater,做前置定语。

[10]The necessary space is there in many forms.

介词短语in many forms,做状语,修饰前面的句子 the necessary space is there。

(4)并列关系练习

找出以下句子的并列关系词,并判断并列成分。

[1]He said he would try to write or he will let other people do this.

并列关系词是or,并列前后两个完整的句子。

[2]This principle was not only valid in England but virtually everywhere.

并列关系词是but,并列的是in England和virtually everywhere。

[3]Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.

并列关系词or,并列的是the mythical characters和supernatural forces.

[4]As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites.

并列关系词or,并列的是abandon和modify。

[5]It attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.

第一个并列关系词是and,并列的是desirable和undesirable;

第二个并列关系词还是and,并列的是it attributes both…forces,和it searches…到结尾的句子。

[6]This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.

第一个并列关系词是and,并列的是This region has a semiarid climate,和后面的整个句子;

第二个并列关系词是and,并列的是cattle ranching和wheat farming。

[7]Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

并列关系词是and,并列前后两个完整的句子,即Plant communities…flexibly和their particular structure…一直到结尾。

[8]Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next.

并列关系词是but,并列的是前后两个完整的句子,即Individual fish may be replaced,和the number of fish…一直到句尾。

[9]This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.

并列关系词是and,并列的是enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds,和permits them to make use…一直到句尾,即两个谓宾短语进行并列。

[10]The deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date.

第一个并列关系词是or,并列的是a lake floor和the seafloor;

第二个并列关系词是but,并列的是are on a lake floor…at first,和will be located…到句尾。

(5)简单句练习

请用长难句的三步法分析以下句子。

[1]Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central.

帮助这群老师去修正他们关于教室的想法成为中心任务。

[2]Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.

另外,从地里或者海下获取石油再运送给消费者,会在这条线路沿线各个地方产生环境问题。

[3]Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.

黑曜石的长距离贸易可能给了Teo城精英居民们一个机会,使他们能接触到各种各样的外来货物并拥有一个相对繁荣的生活。

[4]Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body.

现代建筑形式通常有三个分开的组成部分,相当于人类身体的构成元素。

[5]Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor.

对于GC的科学家来说,另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底的穹顶状块状物的起源。

[6]David Douglas found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.

大卫·道格拉斯发现,在他1825年第一次到要塞和1832年最后一次来要塞期间,要塞周围的动物生活发生了令人困扰的变化。

[7]The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.

对于物种来说生存的标准有两个,一个是在跟其他物种竞争过程中取得胜利,另一个是适应不断缓慢变化的环境。

[8]In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith.

1769年在英格兰牛津郡的一个小镇上,一个有着普通名字“威廉·史密斯”的小孩出生在一个贫穷的农村铁匠家中。

[9]At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.

与此同时,第一台蒸汽运行而非手动的印刷机的操作者发现,有可能在一小时而非三十个小时之内印一千张纸。

[10]Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara.

他们的迁徙开始的原因可能是因为人口的增长,而人口的增长是由于人们逃离撒哈拉的干燥或者干旱而搬迁所造成的。

[11]The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago.

地质的时间表是被很多重大的地质和生物事件所标记的,包括46亿年前地球起源,35亿年前生命形式出现,15亿年前真核生物形式出现(具有真核细胞的生物)和6亿年前动物开始出现。

[12]The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

要成功占领太平洋岛屿的基本的文化需求包括合适的造船、航行和导航的技术,以首先能到达这些岛屿,还有栽培植物和园艺的技巧以适应经常极端化的环境,另外还有各种渔业工具和技术。

[13]With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.

伴随着这些清楚展现在他们面前的问题,科学家们登上了Glomar Challenger号,前往地中海去寻找答案。

[14]Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.

即便是被陨石坑中挖掘的陆地物质给稀释了,陨石的这种成分也还是能很容易被鉴定出来。

[15]Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

沿着海岸的大片区域冰川开始融化,大概是16000年前开始,为植物、动物和人在13000~14000年前的迁徙提供了一个海岸走廊。

[16]The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.

第一个就是来自于教育系统管理者的支持,使得教师能理解反思实践的要求,以及能理解它如何与教学相联系。

[17]It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

它在南边和北边的寒冷的海水中,比任何别的海龟都游得更远,同时它有一种在爬行动物中独一无二的方式来处理冷水。

[18]Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

在欧洲人到来之前,这两个最大的文化区域Polynesia和Micronesia中的岛屿一共包含了估计有700000的人口。

[19]General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

对于比如生日聚会、看医生等事件的分类的一般知识能帮助大一点的个体来分析他们的经历,但是,再说一遍,婴儿和幼儿不太可能用这样的知识结构来分析很多经历。

[20]Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.

工人们在反感工业体系和他们地位丢失方面被团结在一起,但是又因为民族和种族对抗、性别、矛盾的宗教信仰、职业差异、政治信仰以及战略不同等被割裂开来。