二、大数谬误
大数谬误(impressing by large numbers),包括大比例错误,是指用为数多的一种情况或大多数的情况替代所有情况。在AWA的考题文章中,不会出现诸如“100个人里面有1个人如此认为,那么所有人都如此认为”的低级错误,但会出现诸如“100个人里面有99个人都如此认为,剩下那1个人的想法就忽略不计”的论述。但在实际中,剩下的少数是什么情况也很重要,不能简单地用大数字代表一切。举个例子,假设为治疗人类的某一疾病,人们研发了两种药物,并且在动物身上进行实验。第一种药物,在100只实验老鼠服用后,99只病愈,1只死了;另一种药物,100只实验老鼠服用后,99只病愈,1只没有变化。看到以上实验结果,你认为人们会选择哪一种药物呢?按逻辑,很有可能会选择第二种药物,因为人们会担心万一自己就是那百分之一呢?这就是为什么不能简单地用“large numbers”来替代所有的事情,因为小的数字也可能透露出很多信息,从而影响整体的论证。
具体例题如下(Day 142):
The following appeared in a memorandum written by the chair of the music department to the president of Omega University:
“Mental health experts have observed that symptoms of mental illness are less pronounced in many patients after group music-therapy sessions,and job openings in the music-therapy?eld have increased during the past year.Consequently,graduates from our degree program for music therapists should have no trouble finding good positions.To help improve the?nancial status of Omega University,we should therefore expand our music-therapy degree program by increasing its enrollment targets.”
大多数人的症状减轻了,那剩下的人呢?有没有可能剩下的人出现了严重的不良反应?文中并没有给出这样的信息。