第一节 客观题
一、细节题
（1）对文章中有明确叙述的内容进行正面提问的题目。
（2）典型问法：According to the passage...
The passage mentions which of following...
（3）解题方法：定位+同义变换+相似性。
同义变换的方式有同义词、同根词和句型改写。相似性是指定位的句子和选项看起来相似。
请看下面的例子：
Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways, since in toda's global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries.
According to the passage, which of the following is a possible consequence of ompanies' realization of greater profits through ecoefficienc
（A） The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices
（B） The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market
（C） The profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficien
（D） The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not ecoefficie
（E） The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste
二、取非题
题干表达的意思和文章中表达的意思有对立关系时，通常要求把文章中对应的内容取非。例如，A与B相对立，文中只有A的特征，题干问B的特征，则对A取非即可。
请看下面的例子：
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.
It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
（A） It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times
（B） It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land
（C） It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years
（D） It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water
（E） It stretched back for only a million years
三、举例作用题
（1）典型问法：题干出现in order to或serve primarily to。
（2）解题方法：
●定：定位例子于文中具体位置
●找：找例子服务对象
●同：同义变换服务对象
（3）应试技巧：
●先观察illustrate, give/provide an example of 开头的选项
●例子本身可浏览或跳读
●正确答案不出现在例子细节或本身
●考查某个单词、短语、句子的function/relationship，依然当举例作用题处理
请看下面的例子：
In a study of strategic practices in several large firms, managers in harvest strategy scenarios were more able to adhere to their business plans. As one of the managers in the study explained it, this is partly because “Typically all a manager has to do [when implementing a harvest strategy] is that which was done last year.”Additionally, managers under harvest strategies may have fewer strategic options than do those under build strategies; it may therefore be easier to reach agreement on a particular course of action through decision-sharing, which will in turn tend to promote adherence to plans.
The author includes the quotation most probably in order to
（A） lend support to the claim that firms utilizing harvest strategies may be more likely to adhere to their strategic plans
（B） suggest a reason that many managers of large firm prefer harvest strategies to build strategies
（C） provide an example of a firm that adhered to its strategic plan because of the degree of its managers'commitment
（D） demonstrate that managers implementing harvest strategies generally have better strategic options than do managers implementing build strategies
（E） give an example of a large firm that successfully implemented a harvest strateg
四、排除题
（1）典型问法：题干出现EXECPT。
（2）解题方法：定位文中3~6处并列成分。
请看下面的例子：
One proposal for preserving rain forests is to promote the adoption of new agricultural technologies, such as improved plant varieties and use of chemical herbicides, which would increase productivity and slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland.
According to the passage, the proposal mentioned in line 1 is aimed at preserving rain forests by encouraging farmers in rain-forest regions to do each of the following EXCEPT
（A） adopt new agricultural technologies
（B） grow improved plant varieties
（C） decrease their use of chemical herbicides
（D） increase their productivity
（E） reduce their need to clear new land for cultivation
五、加强题
加强题是阅读题目中难度较大的题目，题目要求加强一个观点。在GMAT考试中，阅读文章都是议论文，所以必然包含论点和论据。为了帮助考生使用应试技巧解答逻辑题中的加强题和削弱题，笔者用下面的方式表示议论文的特点：
Argument=Conclusion+Premise。
C（本书下面统一用C表示Conclusion）较为主观，而P（本书下面统一用P表示Premise）较为客观。例如句子She is confident because she is beautiful本句中She is confiden是C，而because she is beautiful是P。在了解了C和P之后，下面讲解加强题的题型。
（1）典型问法：Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support/strengthen the argument?
（2）题干特点：加强C。
（3）解题方法：
●直接加强C
●通过加强P以达到加强C
注意：阅读加强题的方法不同于逻辑加强题的方法。
请看下面的例子：
Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity，for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species into keystone roles and length of species interaction since newly arrived species in particular may dramatically affect ecosystem.
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument about eystone status advanced in the last sentence of the passage?
（A） A species of bat is primarily responsible for keeping insect populations within an ecosystem low, and the size of the insect population in turn affects bird species within that ecosystem
（B） A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on certain tropical islands, but does not play that role on adjacent tropical islands that are inhabited by a greater number of animal species
（C） Close observation of a savannah ecosystem reveals that more species occupy keystone roles within that ecosystem than biologists had previously believed
（D） As a keystone species of bee becomes more abundant, it has a larger effect on the ecosystem it habits
（E） A species of mouse that occupies a keystone role in a prairie habitat develops coloration patterns that camouflage it from potential predator
当然，除了上面的方法，加强题还有其他的解题方法，比如取反缺点等。由于现在GMAT阅读考试中出现加强题的频率较小，同时考查方式较为单一，所以考生掌握上面的解题方法就足以解决阅读中的加强题了。另外，加强题在阅读中所占分值较高，所以考生一定要多加练习，以便获取高分。
六、削弱题
（1）典型问法：Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine/weaken the argument?
（2）题干特点：削弱C。
（3）解题方法：
●削弱C
●通过削弱P以达到削弱C（90%）
注意：阅读中的削弱题可以削弱P，但逻辑中的削弱题则不能削弱P。
请看下面的例子：
Considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They ruled out preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species indicated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the absence of demographic bias?
（A） the older as individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures
（B） the average age at death of a present-day carnivores is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore
（C） in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals
（D） the methods used to determine animals'ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals
（E） data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores
提醒考生注意，在GMAT阅读考试中，削弱题更常用的方法是通过削弱P以达到削弱C。只有在文章中没有谈到具体P的时候，才有可能采用直接削弱C的方法。
七、类比题
（1）典型问法：题干出现similar to, analogous to。
（2）解题方法：抓住本质。
请看下面的例子：
But because complex species interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone species by removing the species and observing changes in the ecosystem is problematic.
Which of the following hypothetical experiments most clearly exemplifies the method of identifying species' roles that the author considers problematic?
（A） A population of seals in an Arctic habitat is counted in order to determine whether it is the dominant species in that ecosystem
（B） A species of fish that is a keystone species in one marine ecosystem is introduced into another marine ecosystem to see whether the species will come to occupy a keystone role
（C） In order to determine whether a species of monkey is a keystone species within a particular ecosystem, the monkeys are removed from that ecosystem and the ecosystem is then studied
（D） Different mountain ecosystems are compared to determine how geography affects a particular species'ability to dominate its ecosystem
（E） In a grassland experiencing a changing climate, patterns of species extinction are traced in order to evaluate the effect of climate changes on keystone species in that grassland
八、推论题
推论题要求考生推论出作者没有明确谈及但暗示的观点。推论题不同于细节题，细节题考查文章中直接陈述的信息，而推论题则要求从文章直接陈述的信息中推论出某些观点或意义。作者以间接的方式提出自己的观点，也就是说作者实际上没有明确提出观点。推论题考查考生理解作者隐含在文章某一部分文字中意义的能力。这些题目所考查的意思或含义不会和文章无关，相反均是作者间接提出的意义或具体暗示的含义。
（1）典型问法：题干出现It can be inferred...
（2）解题方法：
●逻辑上要理解作者字面之外的意义
●识别作者对一个陈述的另外一种解释
●识别具有比喻方式单词的隐含意义
例如，如果一篇文章明确陈述了一种影响，考生要能够推出这个影响导致的结果。如果作者比较了两种现象，考生要能够推出比较的基础是什么。或许要求考生能够根据对新政策的描述推出旧政策的特征。所以，在阅读文章时，考生不仅要关注作者所用词汇的明确意义，而且还要关注这些词汇暗含的意义。
请看下面的例子：
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs—and therefore compliance—fall unevenly, economically disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract the attention of local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs. Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of their size. Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted
It can be inferred from the passage that a large plant might have to spend more than similar but smaller plant on environmental compliance because the larger plant is
（A） more likely to attract attention from local regulators
（B） less likely to be exempted from permit and reporting requirements
（C） less likely to have regulatory costs passed on to it by companies that supply its raw materials
（D） more likely to employ older production technologies
（E） more likely to generate wastes that are more environmentally damaging than those generated by smaller plants
九、段落功能题
（1）典型问法：The function of the paragraph is to...
The purpose of the second paragraph is to...
（2）解题方法：段首句+段尾句。
如果文章有三个自然段，若问第三段的功能是什么，灵活的处理方法是用第三段的首句+第二段的尾句即可。
请看下面的例子：
The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium...
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.
One such adaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial snake's heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the snake's orientation in space...Such a location requires that blood circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation. When climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to head. By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions apparently improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart
The primary purpose of the third paragraph is to
（A） introduce a topic that is not discussed earlier in the passage
（B） describe a more efficient method of achieving an effect discussed in the previous paragraph
（C） draw a conclusion based on information elaborated in the previous paragraph
（D） discuss two specific examples of phenomena mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph
（E） introduce evidence that undermines a view reported earlier in the passage
阅读心得
第二节 主观题
一、主旨题
（1）典型问题：The primary purpose of the passage is to...
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with...
（2）解题方法：
文章主旨题通常是中等难度的题目，在阅读考试中通常是第一道题。所以，考生一定要认真对待主旨题，只有答对了才能遇到分值更高的题目。下面具体举例来说明上述方法的应用。
例1：
下面请考生体会TS（Topic Sentence）解答主旨题的应用。
The fields of antebellum （pre-Civil War） political history and wome's history use separate sources and focus on separate issues. Political historians, examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians'writings, focus on the emergence in the 1840's of a new “American political nation,”and since women were neither voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion. Women's historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal records such as wills, and records of female associations to illuminate women's domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman's rights movement.
However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women's political allegiance in the antebellum period. For example, in the presidential election campaigns of the 1840's, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia's women by inviting them to rallies and speeches. According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the party's rallies gathered information that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. Virginia Democrats, in response, began to make similar appeals to women as well. By the mid-1850's the inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become commonplace, and the ideology that justified such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.
The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
（A） examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
（B） trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman's rights movement
（C） point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical perio
（D） discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
（E） contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquir
TS：However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of wome's political allegiance in the antebellum period.根据TS，可以发现（C）选项正确，具体对应关系是：选项中的deficienc概括了TS中的underestimated the extent and significanc；选项中的particular historical period指代TS中的antebellum period。
例2：
下面请考生体会文章结构解答主旨题的应用。
Behavior science courses should be gaining prominence in business school curricula. Recent theoretical work convincingly shows why behavioral factors such as organizational culture and employee relations are among the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations. Furthermore, empirical evidence demonstrates clear linkages between human resource （HR） practices based in the behavioral sciences and various aspects of a fir's financial success. Additionally, some of the world's most successful organizations have made unique HR practices a core element of their overall business strategies.
Yet the behavior sciences are struggling for credibility in many business schools. Surveys show that business students often regard behavioral studies as peripheral to the mainstream business curriculum. This perception can be explained by the fact that business students, hoping to increase their attractiveness to prospective employers, are highly sensitive to business norms and practices, and current business practices have generally been moving away from an emphasis on understanding human behavior and toward more mechanistic organizational models. Furthermore, the status of HR professionals within organizations tends to be lower than that of other executives.
Students'perceptions would matter less if business schools were not increasingly dependent on external funding—form legislatures, businesses, and private foundations—for survival. Concerned with their institutions'ability to attract funding, administrators are increasingly targeting low-enrollment courses and degree programs for elimination.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） propose a particular change to business school curricula
（B） characterize students'perceptions of business school curricula
（C） predict the consequences of a particular change in business school curricula
（D） challenge one explanation for the failure to adopt a particular change in business school curricula
（E） identify factors that have affected the prestige of a particular field in business school curricula
例3：
下面请考生体会套路模式解答主旨题的应用。
For many years, theoretical economists characterized humans as rational beings relentlessly bent on maximizing purely selfish reward. Results of an experimental economics study appear to contradict this view, however. In the “Ultimatum Game,”two subjects, who cannot exchange information, are placed in separate rooms. One is randomly chosen to propose how a sum of money, known to both, should be shared between them; only one offer, which must be accepted or rejected without negotiation, is allowed.
If, in fact, people are selfish and rational, then the proposer should offer the smallest possible share, while the responder should accept any offer, no matter how small: after all, even one dollar is better than nothing. In numerous trials, however, two-thirds of the offers made were between 40 and 50 percent; only 4 percent were less than 20 percent. Among responders, more than half who were offered less than 20 percent rejected the offer. Behavior in the game did not appreciably depend on the players'sex, age, or education. Nor did the amount of money involved play a significant role: for instance, in trials of the game that were conductedin Indonesia, the sum to be shared was as much as three times the subjects'average monthly income, and still responders refused offers that they deemed too small.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） provide evidence in support of the view that human beings are essentially rational and selfis
（B） use a particular study to challenge the argument that the economic behavior of human beings may be motivated by factors other than selfishnes
（C） compare certain views about human nature held by theoretical economists with those held by experimental economists
（D） describe a study that apparently challenges theoretical economists'understanding of human economic behavior
（E） suggest that researchers may have failed to take into account the impact of certain noneconomic factors in designing a study of human economic behavior
二、态度题
态度题主要是针对文章作者的态度进行考查的题目。
（1）典型问法：
The author of the passage would be most likely to describe...as...
The author views the idea...as...
（2）表达方式：
●动词：overlook, underestimate, overstate, misrepresent, fail to, exaggerate
●形容词：plausible, unreasonable, insufficient, inadequate, obscur
●副词：unfortunately, paradoxically, effectively, negatively
●情态动词：can't explain, cannot be supported
请看下面的例子：
However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth's orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
（A） It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages
（B） It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research finding
（C） It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is don
（D） It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages
（E） It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research
阅读心得