PATR 2　Reading　阅读

Chapter 1　Matching Headings　标题配对题

出题形式

考题中给出一个选项方框，框中列出若干以小写罗马数字为编号的名词性短语或短句，方框下方为题干，给出用英文字母编号的段落名，如“Paragraph A”，有时也会将几段内容合并在一起，以“Section”为编号。该题型要求考生根据文章，在方框中选出合适的选项作为出题段落或章节的标题。重点考查学生段落大意的概括能力和中心主题句的寻找能力。

题型特点

●该题型出现在正文前面，要特别注意不要漏做。

●每个标题只使用一次，不重复选择。

●一般来说，标题的数目比段落数目会多出2至3个。这些干扰项中，可能会出现与正确选项非常接近的情况，考生一定要找出差异，加以辨别。

●有些考题中会给出例子，例子中已经选过的选项可以直接排除（但建议考生把排除的选项看一遍，因为往往给出的例子是首段的概括内容，我们可以通过这些排除的标题了解到文章的大体内容）。

考查技能

1.逻辑关联能力

很多题材与体裁鲜明的文章，我们通过观察标题、副标题、图片了解文章的主题之后，对于文章的行文思路已经可以做出大致的预判。再通过阅读和分析所有的标题，推测它们之间的前后逻辑顺序，脑中就应该形成了基本的逻辑链。最后对应文章，答案就不难得出了。

2.预测及同义转换能力

有的同学之所以觉得这一题型难，或正确率比较低，不是因为看不懂文章，而是无法将每个标题与文章的段落联系起来。通常不建议学生将段落全部看完再去寻找匹配的标题，而应采取相反的步骤，看完所有标题，根据每个标题进行文章内容的预测，寻找匹配段落。这对考生的预测与同义转换能力要求很高。

3.寻找主题句的能力

主题句常常会在段落的这些地方出现。

1）段首。这是最常见的一种情况，概率达到一半以上。因为大多数西方人喜欢在学术性文章中采用演绎型（Deductive）的阐述思路，即先表达论点，再用论据加以说明。通常第一句为概括性的句子，第二句为细节句并且若没有出现转折的情况，可判断段首即为主题句。第一句为问句时往往也是主题句。

2）第二句（或第一句的后半句）。这种情况还可以进行细分：①第一句为承上启下句。②第一句为过渡句。③第一句与第二句为转折或对比关系，这时往往会有明显的信号词出现，如but、however、although等。④第二句为隐含转折，反驳了第一句话的观点。

3）尾句。如果主题句出现在尾句，证明段落采用的是归纳型（Inductive）的阐述思路。往往段落先列出大量论据，再总结核心观点。

4）转折词之后。这一点类似于第一句与第二句形成对比关系，则主题句在第二句的情况。因为不论转折词出现在什么地方，都是作者需要非常强调的部分，所以往往段落的主旨就体现在这个地方。但我们还要注意的是分清楚这个转折到底是针对整个段落的语义还是针对某个细节。

5）对于段落群（section）的主题句，一般阅读它所包含的每个段落的段首。

6）当主题句较难理解或找不到主题句时，我们也可以通过段落中比较通俗易懂且论证效果较强的部分概括出段落大意，如例子和特殊标点符号。

解题步骤

1.浏览文章标题、副标题、图片，了解文章话题及体裁。

2.划掉已经给出的标题选项，并通过这些选项进一步了解文章内容。

3.通读所有标题，画出关键词，适当加以记忆。

4.分析所有标题之间可能存在的逻辑关系，预测它们对应的段落顺序及可能呈现的段落内容。

5.根据预测进行求证，主要关注每个段落主题句的判断和转换。

6.对于无法预测或预测错误的标题，按段落顺序去找主题句，再与剩余标题配对。

真题训练及解析1

Questions 1-7

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-7　on your answer sheet.

1　Paragraph A

2　Paragraph B

3　Paragraph C

4　Paragraph D

5　Paragraph E

6　Paragraph F

7　Paragraph G

剑10　Test 2　PASSAGE 1

Tea and the Industrial Revolution

A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Ahuja reports

A　Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King's College, Cambridge, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang-the world-changing birth of industry-happen in Britain?And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?

B　Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock.‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen，'he says. For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen.While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising.‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution，'says Macfarlane.‘After all, Holland had everything except coal, while China also had many of these factors.Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.'

C　The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation's favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution.The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer-plus the fact that both are made with boiled water-allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery.The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration.Macfarlane's case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters-Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.

D　Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation.Between about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was static.But then there was a burst in population growth.Macfarlane says：‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes.People suggested four possible causes.Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around?Unlikely.Was there a revolution in medical science?But this was a century before Lister's revolution.Was there a change in environmental conditions?There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains.Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century.The only option left is food.But the height and weight statistics show a decline.So the food must have got worse.Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.'

E　This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution.‘When you start moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together，'says Macfarlane.‘But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.'Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time, especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease.He says，‘We drank beer.For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer.But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer.The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again.Then it suddenly dropped again.What caused this?'

F　Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain.Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture?Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates.Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century.By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink was common.Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been.No other European nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarlane's logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.

G　But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why didn't Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own?Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work. So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having abandoned the wheel.

考题解析

1.Paragraph A

答案　iv　The time and place of the Industrial Revolution

解析　A段第二句：Why did this particular Big Bang happen in Britain?And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?其中Why happen in Britain对应标题的place, why did it strike at the end of the 18th century对应标题的time。

2.Paragraph B

答案　viii　Conditions required for industrialisation

解析　B段第二句：There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen.这句话中的20　different factors对应的就是标题中的conditions，第二段剩下的内容都是factors的具体举例。

3.Paragraph C

答案　vii　Two keys to Britain’s Industrial Revolution

解析　C段第二句：Tea and beer, two of the nation’favorite drinks, fuelled the revolution.其中tea and beer对应的是标题中的two keys。

4.Paragraph D

答案　i　The search for the reasons for an increase in population

解析　D段第三至第六句：Between about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was static.But then there was a burst in population growth……People suggested four possible causes.其中burst in population growth对应的标题是increase in population；four possible causes对应的是reasons。

5.Paragraph E

答案　vi　Changes in drinking habits in Britain

解析　E段第四至第八句：……there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time；……，we drank beer……but in the late 17th century…….the poor turned to water and……第五段开头说了人口增长为工业革命提供了劳动力，人们住在一起非常经济高效，但是也很容易生病，翻开历史记录，发现与水有关的疾病的发病率有所改变，这和人们喝茶有关，但是政府开始对麦芽收税时，穷人们转向水和杜松子酒，死亡率就开始上升了。

6.Paragraph F

答案　ix　Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer

解析　F段前两句：……looked to Japan，……water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain；第四句：……the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates.从英国和日本的比较得出茶叶是让死亡率降低的原因。

7.Paragraph G

答案　ii　Industrialisation and the fear of unemployment

解析　G段第二句：it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labor-saving devices, afraid that they would put people out of work.日本有茶叶，有大型的城市，有高的读书识字率，甚至还有期货市场，为什么没有发展工业化？因为日本放弃了节省劳动力的设备，他们担心这些设备会让人们没有工作。

真题训练及解析2

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20　on your answer sheet.

14　Paragraph A

15　Paragraph B

16　Paragraph C

17　Paragraph D

18　Paragraph E

19　Paragraph F

20　Paragraph G

剑11　Test 2　PASSAGE　2

What destroyed the civilisation of Easter Island?

A　Easter Island, or Rapa Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundred ancient human statues-the Moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries.All the energy and resources that went into the Moai-some of which are ten metres tall and weigh over 7，000 kilos-came from the island itself.Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722，they met a Stone Age culture.The Moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms.The identity of the Moai builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century.Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had been created by pre-Inca peoples from Peru.Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Däniken believed they were built by stranded extraterrestrials.Modern science-linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence-has definitively proved the Moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations.Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.

B　When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years.Only after the Polynesians arrived did those forests disappear.US scientist Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people-descendants of Polynesian settlers-wrecked their own environment.They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island-dry, cool, and too remote to be properly fertilised by windblown volcanic ash.When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn't grow back.As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds.Soil erosion decreased their crop yields.Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism, he maintains.The collapse of their isolated civilisation, Diamond writes, is a‘worst-case scenario for what may lie ahead of us in our own future'.

C　The Moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance.They competed by building ever bigger figures.Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people.To feed the people, even more land had to be cleared.When the wood was gone and civil war began, the islanders began toppling the Moai.By the nineteenth century none were standing.

D　Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an‘ecological catastrophe'-but they believe the islanders themselves weren't to blame. And the Moai certainly weren't.Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields.They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist.In short, Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.

E　Hunt and Lipo contend that Moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders. They also believe that moving the Moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked upright.On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore.Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1，000kg Moai replica a few hundred metres.The figures'fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.

F　Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island's trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats.The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have overrun the island.They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui's forest, even without the settlers'campaign of deforestation.No doubt the rats ate birds'eggs too.Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did.They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity.Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shrivelled to 111 people by 1877.

G　Hunt and Lipo's vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious Moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society.‘Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success'，they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapa Nui.

考题解析

14.Paragraph A

答案　ii　An undisputed answer to a question about the Moai

解析　本段主题句是隐藏在段落之中的。段落中的倒数第二句话Modern science-linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence-has definitively proved the Moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations.点明这段的主旨。definitively proved对应选项中的词an undisputed answer。

15.Paragraph B

答案　ix　Diminishing food resources

解析　本段前几句话先写森林消失，然后提到脆弱的环境是如何遭到破坏的。然后再写到森林消失后对当地人食物的影响。所以本段的主旨隐含在段落之中，需要把整段看完才能有直观的理解。特别是段落中提到的As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds.Soil erosion decreased their crop yields.能够对应选项的diminishing food resources。

16.Paragraph C

答案　viii　How the statues made a situation worse

解析　本段主题句为The Moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction，其中的accelerated the self-destruction意思是“加速自我毁灭”，对应选项中的made a situation worse。选项中的statues对应文章中的figures。

17.Paragraph D

答案　i　Evidence of innovative environment management practices

解析　本段第一句话中有个转折词b u t，说明之后的内容是重点。段落第三句话Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields.中的protect the resources对应选项中的environment management practices。

18.Paragraph E

答案　iv　A theory which supports a local belief

解析　本段中有很多表示观点和理论的词汇，比如contend, believe, on that issue, indicate。另外，段落中的backs up Rapanui folklore等同于选项中的backs up Rapanui folklore。

19.Paragraph F

答案　vii　Destruction outside the inhabitants’control

解析　本段中Hunt和Lipo的观点是岛上环境的破坏并不是岛上居民造成的，而是由于鼠类的泛滥以及欧洲人的登陆所造成的，而这是当地居民无法控制的，与vii选项Destruction outside the inhabitants’control一致。

20.Paragraph G

答案　vi　Two opposing views about the Rapa Nui people

解析　在本段的前两句中，都提到了与opposing views about the Rapanui people相关的内容，同时Hunt和Lipo再次持积极的态度，相当于对自己的观点进行了总结。