LEVEL 2

List 1

n. 托儿所；育儿室

例 When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. 当托儿所引入色彩概念时，粉红色其实被认为是一种更为男性化的颜色，是红色的柔和版，让人联想到力量。

n. 食欲；欲望

例 Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee. 一些工作因机器的使用而被淘汰，永远消失了。由于科技在吞噬人类工作方面“贪得无厌”，所以这一现象将会继续以我们无法即时预料的方式重组经济结构。

adj. 生理学的；生理上的

例 Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. 由于进化几乎没有导致无目的的生理反应，即使有也为数甚少，所以认为哭泣对强化生存有一种或多种作用是合情合理的。

v. 回收利用

例 The public needs to realise the seriousness of the environmental problems and learn how to prevent, minimise, reuse and recycle waste. 公众需要认识到环境问题的严重性，并学会如何防止、尽量减少以及重复利用和回收废物。

n. 商业

例 In a brand-new era of market economy, the significance of computer science and commerce speaks for itself. 在一个崭新的市场经济时代，计算机科学和商业的重要性不言而喻。

adj. 商业的；营利性的 n. 商业广告

例 Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. 口香糖，以前主要是青春期男孩购买，现在在商业广告中被作为一种饭后口气清新剂和牙齿清洁剂而进行宣传。

v. 使商业化；使商品化

例 The launches of some spacecrafts will be commercialised to help pay for more space research. 一些航空飞船的发射将会商业化，以帮助支付更多太空研究的费用。

v. 管理，统治；支配；控制

例1 Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. 进行体制改革会使律师和委托人双方都受益。人们早就有一些合理的（改革）想法，但是管理该行业的国家级机构却过分保守，不愿实施。

例2 The average scientist's primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 普通科学家的首要任务并不是考虑支配其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人专注于探索商业行为准则一样。

adj. 大规模的；广阔的，巨大的

例 To deliver results to its users quickly, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. 为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户，谷歌不得不维护全世界范围内配有大功率计算机的大型数据中心。

v. 打扰，干扰；使不安

例 Under the plan, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. 根据这个计划，管理局声称，只要他们签署一份广泛的牧场管理计划以恢复草原榛鸡栖息地，它将不会对无意杀害、伤害或者干扰草原榛鸡的土地所有者或者企业提起诉讼。

n. 学者

例 The legal issues in the case are obscure: Whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. 该事件涉及的法律问题很模糊，尽管最高法院已经判定各州对核电站的确有一定的监管权，但法律学者们认为，佛蒙特州案件会成为考量州政府核监管权限的一个先例。

v. 增强；提高

例 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgements. 虽然律师的意见和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但是记者依靠自己的价值观做出判断会更加难能可贵。

n. 胜利；成功 v. 战胜

例1 In summary, difficulty is an unavoidable part of everyone's life, and the triumph over it will make you an unbeatable person. 总之，困难是每个人的人生中不可避免的一部分，而战胜困难则会让你成为一个打不倒的人。

例2 In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. 无论是在英语口语还是书面语中，随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞，即兴发挥也胜过精雕细琢。

v. 1 咀嚼；咬 2 （~over）深思，仔细考虑

例 Some people think that bunnies make very good pets but they will chew everything in the house and wreck the furniture. 有些人认为兔子是很好的宠物，但它们会啃咬房子里的所有东西，破坏家具。

n. 厨师

例 Lansley has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour. 兰斯利还批评了名厨杰米·奥利弗努力改善英国学校午餐的高调行为，以此说明“说教”并不是改变人们行为的最佳方式。

v. 1 说服，劝说 2 使相信

例 After this accident, it will be more difficult for the government to persuade people that nuclear power stations are safe. 这次事故之后，政府更难以让人们相信核电站是安全的。

n. 怪物 adj. 巨大的，庞大的

例 Hydroelectric power, flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. 即使不建大型水坝，水力发电、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能实现的。

n. 管弦乐团，管弦乐队

例 As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 这样描写曾经由古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布列兹等音乐家担任指挥的乐队的下一任指挥，显得有点轻描淡写了，至少《泰晤士报》的一些读者会这么想。

adj. 管弦乐（队）的

例 To be sure, Gilbert performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. 可以确定的是，吉尔伯特指挥过很多令人印象深刻的有趣的作品，但我没有必要非得去艾弗瑞·费舍尔音乐厅或者别的什么地方才能听到有趣的交响乐。

n. 化石

例 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? 化石记录表明，许多物种已经存活了数百万年之久，那么人类为何不可呢？

v. 1 实行，进行 2 传导（热、电等） 3 指挥（音乐演出）

n. 行为，表现

例1 Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realised he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. 埃里克森在瑞典长大，早先从事核工程学的研究，直到后来他认识到如果转向心理学领域，他就会有更多机会进行自己的研究。

例2 Freedom and dignity are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 自由和尊严是传统理论的自治者所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

n. 1 （乐队）指挥 2 列车长 3 导体

例 Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him". 甚至连在《泰晤士报》上发文支持吉尔伯特上任的托马西尼都称其为“一位谦逊的音乐家，在他身上没有指挥家那种令人望而生畏的神态”。

n. 半导体

例 A new optical method and the advanced semiconductor photoelectric technology were used in this device. 该仪器采用了一种新的光学测量方法，结合先进的半导体光电技术进行设计。

n. 1 兽群 2 民众 v. 使成群，使集结

例 Dr Russel is creating an elite herd by cross-breeding goats from around the globe. 为了培育一个优良种群，拉塞尔博士把全球各地的山羊品种进行杂交。

v. 招生，招收

例 Mr Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement programme, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. 罗思先生聘用了三位社区大学的学生加入工作实习项目中，起薪13美元/小时，两年后增至17美元/小时。

v. 计算；估计

例 People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 per cent of that beneficial effect. 感受到的社会支持越多，人们就越不容易患感冒。据研究人员估算，之所以会产生上述积极的影响，约32%的原因是来自拥抱的减压效果。

adj. 军人的，军队的 n. 军方

例1 There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. 有报道称，二战期间有一些军用飞机在燃料不足的情况下就会编队飞行，但利萨曼博士称这些报道是没有事实依据的。

例2 Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the U.S. military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. 美国的土著语言的确与众不同，正因为如此，二战期间纳瓦霍语才能被美军用作密码发送秘密电报。

adj. 安全的 v. 获得

例 Their idea is to do their best to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. 他们的想法是尽最大可能促进社会科学家把其工作与其他方面相融合，包括健康和人口变化、食品安全、海洋研究和生物经济、高效清洁能源以及具有包容性、创新性和安全性的社会。

n. 安全（措施）；保安部门

例 First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. 开始是两个小时，现在是三个小时——这是官方建议人们搭乘美国国内航班需要提前到达的时间，至少在一些安检队伍越来越长的主要机场是这样。

v. 批评

例 We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff. 我们会美化自己的记忆，让自己处于自我肯定的状态。受到批评时我们会自我防卫，并用负面的成见对待他人，以增强自尊心。我们总是趾高气扬，认为自己能力非凡。

n. 批评；评论

例 In America, the existing body of criticism covers almost every aspect of the novel such as characters, themes, narrative techniques, mythological models and so on. 在美国，现有的对这部小说的评论几乎涵盖了它的各个方面，如人物、主题、叙事技巧以及神话原型等。

adj. 1 看得见的 2 明显的；引人注目的

例 The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse） communication choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. 同样巨大的技术变革为营销人员提供了更多的（以及更多样化的）通讯方式，同时也增加了风险，因为情绪激动的消费者会以更快、更明显且破坏性比以往要大得多的方式表达他们的意见。

adj. 看不见的；隐形的

例 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. 对于计算机课堂教学，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界限：一种是以学生的就业前景为理由，另一种是以根本性的教育改革为理由。

n. 能见度

例 The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT （Thirty Metre Telescope） site was chosen to minimise the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. 天文学界正在做出让步，改变其对莫纳克亚山的利用。TMT（30米望远镜）的选址将最大程度缩小望远镜在岛上的可见范围，避免对考古及环境产生影响。

n.道德准则 adj. 合乎道德的；道德上的

例1 Driving her point home, Elisabeth continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." 为阐明观点，伊丽莎白接着指出：“政府、媒体或商界内部目标的缺乏、道德语言的缺失可能会成为资本主义和自由最为危险的目标之一，这一点已经越来越明显。”

例2 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, Elisabeth thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. 伊丽莎白认为，同样的道德目标的缺失正在伤害像新闻国际这样的公司，使其更有可能像过去一样因大范围非法电话窃听而迷失方向。

n./v. 一瞥

例 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgements which are unbiased by external factors. 从总体上说，人们在做个人决策时对背景信息考虑不周。乍一看，能够不受外界因素影响而做出没有偏见的判断似乎是一种优势。

n. 成就

例 For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. 多年来，研究发现第一代大学生——那些父母都没有上过大学的大学生——在一系列教育成就方面落后于其他学生。

adj. 否定的；负面的，消极的n. 否定（词）

例 Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. 多数人似乎在前半夜做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里逐渐化解了白天产生的负面情绪。

v. 建议；推荐

例 The panel has not reached agreement on the crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. 然而，该专家组尚未在这个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法将私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。

n. 建议；推荐

例 In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17th of May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning". 在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。

n./v. 前进；进步

例 In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H＆M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. 在过去十年左右的时间里，科技的进步使得诸如Zara、H＆M和优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够更加快速地对流行趋势做出反应，并能更准确地预知（消费者的）需求。

v. 警告

例 The health experts warn that the obesity epidemic, caused by an increase in consumption of junk food and a decline in exercise levels, will lead to increased levels of heart disease, diabetes and cancer. 健康专家警告称，由过量食用垃圾食品和运动量减少而引起的肥胖流行病会增加人们患心脏病、糖尿病和癌症的风险。

n. 警告，警示

例 While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的——比如关于药物相互作用的风险的警示语——并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当有消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免责，这还很难说。

adj. 陈旧的，过时的

例 The kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. 国王和女王们无疑还是有负面影响的。尽管他们声称自己是国家统一的象征，但是他们的历史以及现在的一些行为方式，反而体现的是过时的、站不住脚的特权和不平等。

v. 1 追赶，追捕 2 追求

例 Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue the traditional education. 在法律规定所有儿童到一定年龄必须上学之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受传统教育。

n. 一家人 adj. 1 家庭的 2 广为人知的

例 They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household. 每户每年交83英镑的许可费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目以及电影等电视节目。

v. 包括；涉及

例 The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. 《心理紊乱诊断数据手册》第四版指出，“病态赌博”是指在追求意外横财的过程中，持续地、反复地、无法自控地寻求冒险刺激，而并非仅仅为了钱。

n. 货币；流通

例 Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. 市场已经丧失了这种信念，即无论强弱，欧元区经济体只要本着使用统一货币的原则，避免那些缺乏竞争力的国家采取货币贬值这一权宜之计，有朝一日定能实现统一。

adj. 绝对的；完全的 n. 绝对真理

例 The investigators have to maintain absolute secrecy, and all those recordings must be locked away until the day that they are able to make arrests of the dozens of suspects. 调查人员必须严格保守秘密，所有的录音都必须锁起来，直到他们逮捕几十名嫌疑人的那一天。

n. 典礼，仪式

例 Parts of the wedding ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the couple's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. 结婚典礼通常包括仪式性的理发，在新郎新娘的手腕上系上浸过圣水的棉绳，在一圈婚姻幸福、德高望重的夫妻中传递一根蜡烛来祝福新人的结合。

adj. 仪式的

例 The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. 研究人员不仅绘制了该城市宽阔华丽的举行各种仪式的场所，而且绘制出几百座普通人居住的较为简朴的住宅群。

n. 机器；机件

例 This factory has always specialised in making very robust, simply designed machinery. 这家工厂一直专注于制造结实耐用而且设计简单的机器。

adj. 有毒的

例 America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. 美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行以足够吸引买家的价格水平来确定资产价值时才会有效。

adj. 广泛的；普遍的

例 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. 整体的结果是业余人员更难进入专业性的地质期刊，审稿制度的全面引进更使此难上加难，这一制度于19世纪开始在国家期刊实行，进入20世纪后在一些地方地质期刊实行。

n. 祖先

例 This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. 举个例子来说，哪怕仅仅上溯到三代前，一个人也有6个旁系的曾祖父母，如果上溯到四代以前，那就有14个旁系的高祖父母，但DNA 却只能显示一两个祖先的基因信息。

v. 把…分类

例 They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they choose to work less than 35 hours a week. 只有告诉调查者他们选择一周工作少于35小时，他们才会被归为自愿兼职者。

n./v. 尝试

例 Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. 基于先前对语言普遍性研究的两次尝试，奥克兰大学的拉塞尔·格雷和他的同事们对语法的演化进行了思考。

adj. 有效的

例 The government said it wanted to overhaul the employment training scheme to make it cost effective. 政府表示希望彻底改革就业培训计划以实现低成本高效益。

v. 1 感谢 2 欣赏 3 升值 4 理解

例1 And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. It needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. 历史应该是人民大众的故事，是他们的奋斗史。历史需要理解每个时代的经济现实、社会背景和权力关系。

例2 Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. 有时候我们易于因遭遇困难而心情不佳，易于因生活中的问题缠身而忘了停下来欣赏自己所拥有的东西。

v. 1 维持；保持 2 供养 3 坚持认为

例1 The government has reaffirmed that it will take any steps necessary to maintain law and order. 政府已经重申，将采取一切必要措施维护法律和秩序。

例2 George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。

n. 保持，维持

例 Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. 维生素是有机化合物，饮食中必须含有少量维生素以维持动物（包括人类）的生命和正常生长。

v. 致力；把…专用于

例 If your work is your "passion", you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed. 如果工作是你“所爱”，你会更愿意投入其中，即使那意味着回家吃完晚饭，等孩子入睡后你还要工作很长时间。

v. （使）变化；（使）多样化

例 Most importantly, the "brain training programme" constantly modifies and enhances the games you play to build on the strengths you are developing—much like an effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 最重要的是，这项“大脑训练项目”会经常调整并升级训练游戏，以提升你正在锻炼的能力，这与需要你增加抵抗力并调整肌肉运用的有效常规训练类似。

n. 可变因素 adj. 变化无常的

例1 Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. 基于人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动态变化，他们对人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，控制人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。

例2 Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. 尽管有充足的证据表明教师的素质是最重要的变量，但教师工会仍然反对开除较差的教师，同时晋升优秀的教师。

n. 变化

例 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. 仔细研究法国、德国、意大利和西班牙等国的批发市场，我们会发现，尽管它们在细节上存在差异，但基础结构是一样的。

n. 变体

例 The message of this survey of British land art—the most comprehensive to date—is that the British variant, typified by Richard Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. 此次对英国地景艺术的调查是迄今为止最全面的，以理查德·朗的作品为代表，英国艺术的变体，不仅在国内大规模推广，而且比其美国同行要稀奇古怪得多。

v. 1 消化 2 理解

n. 文摘，摘要

例1 The organisation publishes a regular digest of environmental statistics. 该组织定期出版一份环境统计数据摘要。

例2 The milk product is not only nutrient rich, but also easy to digest and becoming an important food of consumption. 奶制品不仅营养丰富，而且易于消化吸收，正日益成为居民消费的重要食品。

v. 褪色；逐渐减弱

例 Even as the number of English speakers expands further, there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. 即使说英语的人数在进一步增加，但仍有迹象表明，英语的全球性优势地位在不久的将来会逐渐减弱。

v.打败，战胜，征服；克服（困难）

例 Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 在美国独立战争时期，华盛顿目睹了黑人士兵的英勇之后，他开始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顾亲友的强烈反对，把赋予奴隶自由的决定立进了遗嘱。

v. 1 充实 2 使…富裕

例 All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. 整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国的股东们则因世界性的工业化运动大发其财。

n. 火山

例 In geology, students can learn about the structure of the Earth, volcanoes and the formation of rocks. 在地质学中，学生们可以了解地球和火山的构造以及岩石的形成。

adj. 火山的

例 The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. 热点及其火山链是板块移动的标志。

v. 1 意指，意思是 2 打算 adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的

例 An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labour market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. 非自愿兼职工作岗位的增加是劳动力市场疲软的表现，意味着很多人只能勉强维持生计。

n. 1 方法，手段 2 财富

例 The company has advanced management experience, production flow and quality control means to provide customers with guaranteed high-quality products. 该公司拥有先进的管理经验、生产流程和质量控制方法，以保证为客户提供高质量的产品。

adj. 有意义的

例 This policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. 在确保给学生布置的家庭作业有意义、符合年龄和学科特点，以及作业的量在教师愿意批改的范围内这些方面，该政策没有起到任何作用。

n. 一系列；一套

例 In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago, hoping they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity. 1924年，美国国家研究委员会派了两名工程师去芝加哥附近的一个叫作霍桑工厂的电话配件厂监督一系列实验，希望他们能够了解车间照明是如何影响工人生产效率的。

n. 卫星；人造卫星

例 It is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. 从长远来看，新的卫星频道的出现会引起最大的变化，其资金部分来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。

n./v. 投票，表决

例 The President and his supporters are almost certain to read this vote as a mandate for continued economic reform. 总统及其支持者几乎肯定地认为这次投票是对继续进行经济改革的授权。

n. 选民

例 Unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. 与海湾地区和亚洲地区的专制主义君主不同的是，欧洲的大多数王室得以生存，因为他们允许选民无需费力就能找到一个毫无争议并且令人尊重的公众人物。

n. 实验室，化验室

例 Ericsson and his colleagues gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. 埃里克森和他的同事收集了一切可能得到的资料，不仅包括个人表现的统计数据和成长资料，还包括他们对成功人士进行实验的研究结果。

n. 厄运；不幸的事

例 Were it not for this misfortune, Davila might never have been forced into the business of grinding out novels to support his family. 要不是因为这一不幸变故，达维拉可能永远都不会为了养家糊口而迫于无奈地开始流水线式地创作小说。

n. 内容 adj. 满意的

例1 Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. 即便是在社交媒体普及之后，金字塔形的创作模式仍然存在，即少数人会上传资料，相对较多的人会评论或更改那些内容，而大部分人仍然满足于只消费（即只下载那些内容）。

例2 Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. 即使一份工作的起薪看上去很微不足道，难以达到即将成年的孩子快速实现自我满足的需求，但是如果这个孩子在成年初期做好了从学校到职场过渡的准备，那么这一过程也许能够少一些挫折。

v. 使适应

例 Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 社会科学的研究方法必须适应这样一条准则，即史料至上，而不是为当代社会之需。

adj. 适应的

例 Modern logistics is a quite complicated society systems engineering, its function needs an adaptive logistics information management system. 现代物流是一个相当复杂的社会系统工程，其运作需要一个与之相适应的物流信息管理系统。

adj. 可适应的，适应性强的

例 The older workers can be as adaptable and quick to learn as anyone else. 较年长的工人的适应能力和学习速度有时并不亚于其他任何人。

n. 障碍，壁垒

例 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M＆A （Mergers and Acquisitions） wave are the same that underlie the globalisation process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands. 我认为引起这场大规模合并浪潮的最重要的力量与导致全球化进程的力量是相同的，即运输与通信费用下降，贸易与投资壁垒减少，市场扩大。这一切都需要扩大业务往来以满足消费者的需求。

n. 1 协会 2 关联

例 Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors （SBoRE）. 该杂志与美国统计协会合作，已任命七名专家组成了一个评审编辑统计委员会。

v. 联系

例 The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularised by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. “少即是多”的说法实际上首先是由德国建筑师路德维格·米斯·范德罗厄推广起来的，和包豪斯建筑学派相关的其他人一样，他在二战前移居美国，并在美国多个建筑学院任职。

n. 水平，标准；行为规范 adj. 标准的

例1 According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits". 根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，没有其他任何地方能够“如此重视对知识的追求”。

例2 The medical profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 医疗行业正在采取措施，要求年轻医生到临终安养院进行培训，以测试强效疼痛管理疗法方面的知识，制定用于医院护理的医疗计费规范以及用于评估和治疗临终时的疼痛的新标准。

v. 使标准化

例 As the world becomes more complex, some things do, of course, standardise and globalise. 随着世界变得日益复杂，某些事物确实理所当然地规范化和全球化了。

n. 杰作；名著

例 Jaqueline commented that this novel was a masterpiece of American literature. 杰奎琳评论这部小说是美国文学的一部杰作。

n. 哺乳动物

例 Animal rights activists oppose using any mammal as an organ factory. 动物权利保护分子反对利用任何哺乳动物作为器官工厂。

n. 签名；盖章

例 Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organised, has more impact than a lot. 米斯的这句名言的意思是，如果安排合理，简单装饰也能比过多装饰更有效果。

v. 组织

例 The skills the students learn—how to think logically through a problem and organise the results—can apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina. 北卡罗来纳州的教育顾问德博拉·泽胡表示，学生们学到的用逻辑思维解决问题以及组织结果的技能可以应用于任何编程语言。

n. 组织

例 If the organisation cannot put in place the required systems to guarantee the welfare of rescued animals, it should consider exploring other ways to tackle the abandonment problem. 如果该组织不能建立必要的机制来保证被救助动物的福利，那么就应该考虑寻求其他方法来帮助解决动物遗弃的问题。

adj. 1 英勇的 2 与传说中的英雄有关的

例 This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. 这对于托马斯·卡莱尔而言有些保守，他的传记主要描写的是马丁·路德、奥利弗·克伦威尔以及拿破仑·波拿巴的英雄人生。

n. 钩子 v. 1 钩住 2 使入迷，吸引

例 In the early days, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. 在早些年，多钩长线本来可能会有更多鱼上钩。由于没有挂鱼饵的鱼钩来诱惑它们，因而有些鱼就没有被钓到，这样一来就低估了过去海洋中的实际鱼量。

adj. 乡下的，农村的

例 In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. 在一个（考古）实例中，许多研究人员在洪都拉斯的玛雅古城科潘附近勘察，用航拍和步行勘测两种方式标出了数百个小村庄和民宅的位置。

adj. 电子的

例 The invention of electronic computers has a far-reaching effect on the development of science and technology. 电子计算机的发明对科学技术的发展具有深远的影响。

n. 电子学；电子器件

例 Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. 在面对国外竞争时，一些大型的美国工业产业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或完全消失了。