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Abandonment

In the United States, relinquishment by a landlord or owner/occupant of all rights and responsibilities of owner-ship, including collection of rents and provision of services to tenants. Abandonment frequently occurs in poor inner city areas with high crime rates.

 

Accelerated depreciation

In the United States, permission of the federal government entitling a taxpayer to claim greater-than-usual losses in the value of income-producing property for the years immediately after purchase rather than depreciating the property at a steady rate over its useful life. Tax authorities allow this practice to encourage investment. See also DEPRECIATION.

 

Acceptance of hidden subsurface work

In China, approval of portions of construction work that will be covered up or otherwise inaccessible when the project is completed, e.g., inspection and acceptance is requisite to undertaking further construction. See also FINAL ACCEPTANCE.

 

Acceptance of work subelements

In China, approval of certain defined subdivision of construction work. Acceptance procedures are usually carried out upon completion of the main structural work in an ordinary project, or upon completion of all work subelements in a key project, special project, or project employing innovative techniques. See also COMPLETED ITEM, CONSTRUCTION WORK ELEMENT, and FINAL ACCEPTANCE.

 

Accepted bid

In the United States, the bid or proposal approved by the owner or his representative as the basis for a contract for the proposed construction. See also BID, CONTRACT AWARD, and CONSTRUCTION COST.

 

Access right

In the United States, right of a landowner to pass to and from his/her land, usually by a dedicated street or easement across another landowner’s property. See also EASEMENT and RIGHT-OF-WAY.

 

Accessory building

A building located on a lot and used for a purpose related indirectly to that of the principal building on the same lot, e.g., a garage or storage shed. See also ACCESSORY USE.

 

Accessory housing

In the United States, a single-family house that has been divided into self-contained units. While the practice is sometimes prohibited, many jurisdictions are amending their regulations because of the need for affordable housing.

 

Accessory use

In the United States, use of land or a secondary building for purposes incidental to the primary use of the same lot. Accessory uses are frequently defined in zoning ordinances. See also ACCESSORY BUILDING, PERMITTED USE, and ZONING.

 

Accreditation

Official recognition of the competence of an educational institution or testing laboratory by a public or private organization after evaluation according to accepted criteria or standards. See also BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING and CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS.

 

Acquisition approval

In China, approval of land acquisition granted by the urban planning administration to a development organization for construction agreed to by the planning commission. Factors considered in approval decisions include the size, dimension, and location of the site within a city or its suburbs. See also LAND ACQUISITION.

Activity analysis

Studies of time and space patterns followed by households, firms, and various other institutional entities in conducting their affairs. Activity analysis is potentially useful in special planning exercises.

 

Adaptive re-use

The process of transforming an old structure, usually either abandoned or underutilized, into something quite different from the purpose for which it was originally built, e.g., redesigning an abandoned railroad station as a shopping mall. Examples of adaptive re-use have become prominent features in redevelopment areas of many U.S. cities. See also URBAN REDEVELOPMENT.

 

Addendum

In the United States, a written or graphic instrument issued prior to the execution of the contract, modifying or interpreting the bidding documents—including drawings and specification-by additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections. As such, addenda become part of the contract documents when the construction contract is executed. See also BIDDING DOCUMENTS and CONTRACT DOCUMENTS.

Addition

Any construction that increases the floor area or size of a building, such as an additional bedroom, a porch, or an attached garage of carport. See also BUILDING ALTERATION and HOME IMPROVEMENT.

 

Adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)

In the United States, a new, complex form of mortgage with a variable interest rate linked to a standard financial index. The rate variation may affect the size of monthly payments, the term of the loan, or some combination of these elements. Mortgage plans may have limitations on the size of the periodic or cumulative interest charges or on the permissible amount of changes in payments. Also called a variable rate mortgage. See also MORTGAGE.

 

Administrative complex of a factory

In China, a group of buildings on a factory site, containing administrative offices and health, library, recreation, and/or dining facilities for the use of employees, as well as green spaces and parking spaces. The complex is usually located near the factory entrance.

 

Administrative enclave

In China, a separate, noncontiguous area located beyond the contiguous boundaries of a province, municipality, or county, but under its jurisdiction. For example, Meishan in Jiangsu Province has developed into a large steel base with financial and technical resources solely from Shanghai, and Meishan’s output is counted as part of the total output of Shanghai.

 

Advance payment for materials

In China, payment advanced to a construction organization for the normal procurement and storage of necessary materials, to be deducted in installments from regular payments for work progress.

 

Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT)

In the United States, the final stage of wastewater treatment, involving removal of nutrients such as phosphates and nitrogen, as well as any remaining suspended solids. See also PRIMARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, WASTE MANAGEMENT, and WASTE UTILI-ZATION.

 

Advocacy planning

In the United States, the preparation of plans or planning proposals and their advocacy by professional planners on behalf of an organization, interest group, or community as an alternative or in opposition to planning proposal prepared by an official agency.

 

Aerial survey

Photographs taken from an aircraft, showing the layout of the land area below. See also REMOTE SENSING.

 

Aesthetic controls

In the United States, regulation by ordinance and case law of structures that violate public standards of beauty in urban and rural areas. The most common objects affected are water towers and billboards, as well as buildings inappropriate to an historic preservation district. Aesthetic controls may be exercised by community associations. See also AESTHETIC ZONING, COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION, and LAND USE CONTROLS.

 

Aesthetic zoning

In the United States, use of municipal ordinances to regulate the appearance of urban districts. Such zoning commonly affects such objects or establishments as signs, billboards, trail parks, and junk yards. See also AESTHETIC CONTROLS.

 

Age distribution

In demography, the constitution of a population according to age groups. See also DEMOGRAPHY.

 

Agglomeration

A continuous group of diverse buildings in an urban area, not arranged according to any plan. The term is often used in a negative sense to mean a vast and unattractive urban region. See also BUILT-UP AREA and URBAN SPRAWL.

 

Agro-industrial-commercial enterprise

In China, a cooperative association of a primarily rural enterprise specializing in agricultural product processing with industrial and commercial enterprises engaging in related activities. The purpose of the joint enterprise is to meet market needs efficiently, to improve product quality, to increase product output, and to speed distribution of commodities. In the United States, the term “agrobusiness” is used for a large-scale farming or food production operation. See also INDUSTRIAL-AGRICULTRURAL ENTER-PRISE.

 

Air rights

In the United States, the right to make use of spaces above property (such as highways, or railroad tracks), or above water for development independent of the surface below. Such rights can be purchased or leased from the landowners.

Alternate bid

In the United States, an amount stated in a construction bid that will be added to or deducted from the amount of the base bid if the corresponding changes in project scope, alternate materials, and/or methods of construction are accepted. See also BASE BID and BID.

 

Alternative technology

A substitute technology equivalent in functional value to an accepted technology. Environmentally, the term indicates a type of technology which involves minimum use of nonrenewable resources, minimum interference with the environment, regional or local self-sufficiency, and consideration for the rights and needs of individuals. See also APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY and INTERMEDIATE TECHNO-LOGY.

 

Amenities

Features, items, or conveniences conducive to material comfort and a pleasant life. In an urban planning context, these may include attractive open spaces and landscape features, social and recreational facilities, and technical improvements conducive to a pleasing and agreeable urban and rural environment.

Amortization

1. In the United States, gradual repayment of a debt with interest, usually according to a predetermined schedule of installments. The amortization schedule shows the amounts of principal and interest due at regular intervals and the unpaid balance of the loan after each payment is made. See also BALLOON MORTGAGE, FIXED-RATE MORTGAGE and MOTRGAGE.

2. In the United States, gradual phasing out of buildings and land uses that do not conform to newly instituted zoning ordinances. See also NONCONFORMING USE.

 

Anchor tenant

In the United States, the most important tenant in a development (for example, a shopping center), whose lease is instrumental in obtaining financing and additional tenants for the project.

 

Annexation

In the United States, the formal procedure for, or act of, adding a section of land to the jurisdiction of a city or town.

 

Apartment

A room or group of rooms in a building that is rented or leased to a tenant and constitutes a self-contained dwelling unit. Called a flat in Great Britain. See also GARDEN APARTMENT and TENEMENT BUILDING.

 

Apartment house

A building of two or more floors containing separate apartments, that is, apartments with their own entrances, approached either from a common staircase, from a common staircase, from a common access balcony leading from a common staircase, or from a common elevator. The British equivalent is a block of flats. In China, such a building is called, literally, “multiunit housing.” See also MULTIFAMILY HOUSING and TENEMENT BUILDING.

 

Application for payment

In the United States, a contractor’s written request for payment of the amount due for completed portions of the work and, if the contract so provides, for materials delivered and suitably stored prior to their use.

 

Apportionment

Division and distribution, especially of land and funds, by a public authority according to a plan or set of criteria.

Appraisal

In the United States, evaluation or estimation, preferably by a qualified professional appraiser, of the value, cost, of utility of land or property. See also ASSESSED VALUE and HIGHEST AND BEST USE.

 

Appreciation

An increase in the value of currency, goods or property, usually attributable to changes in economic circumstances. An increase in the value of property usually results from a combination of inflation, higher demand, and increase accessibility, as opposed to increase in value attributable to improvements of the property. See also DEPRECIATION and SHARED APPRECIATION MORTGAGE.

 

Appropriate technology

A level of technology in keeping with the available resources, e.g., the size of the labor force and availability of capital, and the technical state-of-the-art. See also ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY.

 

Appropriation

Authorization by an official person or group permitting use of a fixed sum of money, usually for a one-year period or a fixed number of years, for a specific purpose or project.

Approved equal substitution

In the United States, material, equipment, or methods, approved by the architect or engineer for use in a project because they are considered equivalent in essential attributes to the material, equipment, or method specified in the contract documents.

 

Aquifer

An underground bed or water-permeable stratum of rock, gravel, or sand that collects water and serves as the source of springs and wells.

 

Arbitration

In the United States, the hearing and settlement of disputes, usually about contracts, by an arbitrator or arbitrators chosen by the disputants or appointed by a governmental or judicial authority. Arbitration is used as an alternative to litigation.

 

Architect

Official designation for a person or organization professionally qualified and duly licensed to perform architectural services. In the United States, basic architectural services, as contractually defined, consist of schematic design, design development, preparation of construction documents, participation in the bidding or negotiation process, and construction document administration. Comprehensive services extend beyond traditional services to feasibility studies, construction management, and special consulting services. In China, most architectural services are performed by design institutes. See also ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING FIRM.

 

Architect’s approval

In the United States, architect’s or engineer’s written acknowledgement that any phase of building construction is acceptable, or that a contractor’s request of claim is valid.

 

Architectural engineering firm

A commercial organization offering the professional service of architects and engineers on a contract basis. See also ARCHITECT and DESIGN-BUILD PROCESS.

 

Architectural services

See ARCHITECT.

 

Architecture

The art or practice of designing buildings in accordance with principles determined by aesthetic and practical or material considerations. See also ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN.

Area method

In the United States, a technique for estimating construction costs of a building. The architectural area, i.e., the sum of the adjusted areas of the building’s floors, is multiplied by the current cost per unit of area.

 

Area take-off

In the United States, a rough estimate of the construction costs for specific types of areas, within a proposed building, measured as cost per square foot for each area type. The area take-off is usually prepared during the schematic design phase. See also SCHEMATIC DESIGN.

 

ARM

See ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE.

 

Arterial road

A main or trunk road in the street system of an urban area.

 

Artery

A general term for the main line of railway, airline, highway, and water-way transportation.

 

Assessed value

In the United States, the value of land and buildings, often represented as a percentage of the property’s market value, set by a local government for tax purpose. See also APPRAISAL and CADASTRAL SURVEY.

 

Assets

In the United States, all of the holdings of a company or government with a money value as listed on a balance sheet. They are classified as tangible fixed assets such as machinery, intengible assets such as goodwill, and current assets such as stock and cash. See also LIABILITIES.

 

Assignment of title

In the United States, legal transfer of ownership of land or property from one individual to another by recording the transaction on the official record of ownership. Contract or option rights and leases may also be assigned by one party to another. See also LAND ACQUISITION and TITLE.

 

Assisted housing

In the United States, privately owned dwelling units for needy households constructed or rehabilitated with the assistance of government grants or low-interest loans. Alternatively, subsidies may be granted to housing suppliers willing to reduce rents for low-income tenants. Assisted housing represents a very small proportion of the American housing market (less than 5 percent). In common usage, assisted housing may include public housing and may also be called subsidized housing or low-and-moderate-income housing. See also HOUSING ALLOWANCE, HOUSING MANAGEMENT, and PUBLIC HOUSING.

 

Atrium architecture

A contemporary building style in which all or part of the interior space of a building is left without barriers to a height of several stories and is landscaped with shrubs and trees. In small structures, the atrium may be open at the top and walled with glass. In high-rise buildings, the atrium area often serves as a lobby for the building or as a promenade lined with shops and restaurants.

 

Attached house

A house that shares common walls with the adjacent houses on either side, i.e., a townhouse or rowhouse. See also DETACHED HOUSE, DUPLEX HOUSE, QUADRUPLEX HOUSE, ROWHOUSE, TOWNHOUSE, and TRIPLEX HOUSE.

 

Autonomous region

In China, an administrative area of a minority nationality, corresponding to a province, such as the Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region where most of the population is Tibetan, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where the population consists mostly of the Zhuang people. The Constitution of China stipulates that the administrative hierarch is 1) autonomous region, 2) autonomous prefecture, and 3) autonomous county. See also MUNICIPALITY.

 

Average floor area per unit

In China, the total floor area of the dwelling units in a housing project divided by the total number of units. See also DWELLING SIZE.

 

Average living floor area per capita

In China, the total living floor area in a housing project divided by the total number of persons living there.

 

Average number of persons per household

In China, the total number of registered residents divided by the number of households in a given area.

 

AWT

See ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.

放弃产权 Fàngqìchǎnquán

在美国，指房产主或业主对其具有所有权的产业放弃一切权利和义务，包括收租及对租户提供服务。此种现象通常发生在贫困的犯罪率高的城内衰落区。

 

加速折旧 Jiāsùzhéjiù

美国联邦政府为了鼓励投资，规定纳税人对产生收益的房地产，允许在购入的初期申报较高的折旧率，即高于其使用期内的固定折旧率。［参见“折旧、贬值”］

 

隐蔽工程验收 Yǐnbìgōngchéng yànshōu

在中国，指对某些竣工后不便检查的工程项目（如地下的基础、基础下的桩、钢筋混凝土中的钢筋等），在该工程施工完毕，下一工序开始之前，及时组织的验收。［参见“最终验收”］

 

分项工程验收 Fēnxiànggōngchéng yànshōu

在中国，指对已完工的某一分项工程的验收。通常对于一般工程项目的主体结构工程，以及对于重点工程项目、特殊工程项目或采用新技术的工程项目的全部工程进行分项工程验收。［参见“建成投入生产项目”、“分部工程”、“最终验收”］

 

中选标 Zhòngxuǎn biāo

在美国，指业主或其代理人为拟建工程所选中的标单，作为准备与投标单位签订承包合同的基础。［参见“投标”、“发包”、“建筑成本”］

 

出入权 Chūrùquán

在美国，指地产主出入其所拥有土地的权利，通常指经过指定街道或另一地产主的产地。［参见“地役权”、“通行权”］

 

附属建筑 Fùshǔ jiànzhù

主要建筑以外的辅助建筑，即在同一基地上做其他有关用途的建筑，例如车库、存贮棚等。［参见“附带用途”］

 

合住住房 Hézhùzhùfáng

在美国，指原供一家居住的住房被划分为几套独立的居住单元，这在许多地区是非法的。这种做法虽被禁止，但有些地区为了满足对住房的需求正在对有关规定进行修改。

 

附带用途 Fùdài yòngtú

在美国，指同一基地上作次要目的使用的土地或建筑，在区划法规中一般对此种用途有所规定。［参见“附属建筑”、“许可使用”、“区划”］

 

确认 Quèrèn

由官方或私营组织根据公认的标准对一个教育机构或实验室的检验能力作出评价后予以认可。［参见“建筑材料检验”、“材料与制品鉴定”］

 

拨地 Bōdì

在中国，指城市规划管理部门对于业经计划部门批准的建设项目，按总体规划和详细规划的规定拨给建设单位建设用地，包括用地的地址、范围、周边尺寸等。［参见“征地”］

活动分析 Huódòng fēnxī

关于家庭、商号及其他多种机构在时间和空间上的活动方式的研究。在空间规划工作中极为有用。

 

适应性再使用 Shìyìngxìng zàishǐyòng

指改造废弃或使用不当的建筑物的过程。改造后的使用目的与当初建造时迥然不同。例如，将废弃的火车站改建为购物商场。在美国，适应性再使用已成为许多城市中地区改造的特色之一。［参见“城市改造”］

 

补充文件 Bǔchōng wénjiàn

在美国，指签订承包合同之前，业主所补发的文字或图纸文件，通过增删、澄清或改正对招标文件（包括图纸与说明书）进行修改或解释。在以后订立合同时，这种文件即作为合同文件的一部分。［参见“招标文件”、“合同文件”］

加建工程 Jiājiàn gōngchéng

指扩大建筑面积或增建附加在建筑上的其他工程，例如加建卧室、门廊或汽车库等。［参见“改建工程”、“住房改善”］

 

可调利率抵押贷款 Kětiáolìlǜ dǐyādàikuǎn

美国的一种新型、复杂的抵押方式，其利率可随标准金融指数变动。利率的变动将会影响每个月的还款额或贷款的条款，或综合影响这两方面。抵押条款中可对定期的或累计的利息或对付款的允许变动数量加以限制。又称可变利率抵押贷款。［参见“抵押贷款”］

 

厂前区 Chǎngqiánqū

中国工厂中常见的一组建筑，包括行政管理和职工福利设施，如办公室、卫生所、图书室、文娱活动场所、食堂、绿地及停车场等，一般都设在工厂的入口处附近。

 

飞地 Fēidì

在中国，指省、市或县内一块土地属他省、市、县所有。例如江苏省的梅山，完全是由上海市提供资金和技术力量而建设成为大型的钢铁基地，其产量为上海市生产总量的一部分。

 

预付材料款 Yùfùcáiliàokuǎn

中国的建设单位预付给施工单位的备料款，用以解决正常的材料储备费用。这项预付款，在工程开工后支付工程进度款时分次扣回。

 

污水深度处理 Wūshuǐshēndù chǔlǐ

在美国，指污水处理的最后阶段，包括去除营养物质，如磷酸盐和氮，以及剩余的悬浮物质。［参见“污水一级处理”、“污水二级处理”、“污水处理系统”、“废物管理”、“废物利用”］

 

建议规划 Jiànyìguīhuà

在美国，由规划专业人员代表某一机构、有关组织或社区针对官方规划机构所作规划表示不同或反对的建议性规划。

 

航空测量 Hángkōng cèliáng

展示地面情况的航空摄影。［参见“遥感技术”］

 

美观控制 Měiguān kòngzhì

在美国，指根据法令及判例法制定的规定，对在城乡地区违反公认的美观标准的构筑物（最常见者为水塔、广告牌）以及历史保护区内不适当的建筑物加以控制。美观控制可由社区协会执行。［参见“美观区划”、“社区协会”、“土地使用控制”］

 

美观区划 Měiguān qūhuà

在美国，指利用城市法令控制市区市容。通常对影响市容的招牌、广告牌、活动房屋集中地及杂物堆场进行区划控制。［参见“美观控制”］

 

年龄分布 Niánlíng fēnbù

人口统计学中各年龄段的人口构成情况。［参见“人口统计学”］

 

聚集体 Jùjítǐ

在城市地区，未经规划的由各种房屋组成的连续建筑群。常含贬义，指大片不美观的城市地区。［参见“建成区”、“城市无计划扩展”］

 

农工商联合企业 Nónggōngshāng liánhéqǐyè

在中国，指以农产品加工为主的农村企业与有关工商企业组成的联合企业。其目的在于提高产品的产量和质量，满足市场需要，加速产品流通。在美国，“农业企业”是指大规模农场或食品加工企业。［参见“工农联合企业”］

 

上空使用权 Shàngkōng shǐyòngquán

在美国，指使用产业（如公路、铁路等）、水域的上部空间的权利。此种使用权可向产业所有者购买或租赁。

 

备用标价 Bèiyòng biāojià

在美国，指在工程投标书中注明当工程范围、用料与（或）施工方法有所变化时，应对基本标价作必要的相应增减的标价。［参见“基本标价”、“投标”］

 

替换技术 Tìhuàn jìshù

在功能上与认可的技术相当因而可以用来替代的技术。就环境而言，是指最少使用无法补充的资源，最少干扰环境，能就地取材，并符合个人权利和需要的技术。［参见“适用技术”、“中间技术”］

 

宜人事物 Yírén shìwù

使人们物质上舒适和生活上愉快的项目或设施。在城市规划中，可以包括优美的绿地和景观、社交和娱乐设施，以及能使城乡环境优美的技术改进。

 

1.分期偿还 Fēnqī chánghuán

在美国，指按预定计划分期偿还债务本息，分期偿还计划还列出每一阶段所需偿还的本、息金额，以及每次付款后的贷款余额。［参见“特大尾数抵押贷款”、“固定利率抵押贷款”、“抵押贷款”］

2.逐步淘汰 Zhúbùtáotài

在美国，指对不符合新的区划法规的建筑物和土地用途，进行逐步淘汰或改变其用途。［参见“不符规定使用”］

 

关键租户 Guānjiàn zūhù

在美国，指一个开发区中最重要的租户。例如开发区内购物中心的租户，就是一种关键租户，它将有助于获得建设资金并吸引其他租户。

 

合并土地 Hébìng tǔdì

在美国，指将部分土地正式并入城镇管辖范围。

 

公寓 Gōngyù

建筑物内租予住户的一间或一套居住单元，带有独用厨房、浴室等设备。在英国，称为套房。［参见“花园公寓”、“经济公寓”］

 

公寓楼 Gōngyùlóu

包括多套公寓的两层或两层以上的住宅楼。每套公寓都有独立的出入口，由共用楼梯或共用外廊出入。在英国称为套房楼，在中国则称为“单元式住宅”。［参见“多户住房”、“经济公寓”］

 

付款申请书 Fùkuǎn shēnqǐngshū

在美国，指承包人对已完成部分的工程提出的付款申请书，如在合同中已有规定，也可在备用材料运到工地并存放妥善后提出。

 

土地或资金分配 Tǔdìhuòzījīn fēnpèi

有官方权威机构根据规则或准则划分并分配土地或资金。

 

估价 Gūjià

在美国，指由合格的专职估价人员对土地或产业的价值、价格或效用作出估价。［参见“房地产课税价值”、“最佳用途”］

 

增值 Zēngzhí

由于经济情况变化引起的货币、货物或产业价值的增加。房地产的增值往往是通货膨胀、需求增加以及交通条件改善的结果，而并非改进房地产本身所引起的价值增加。［参见“折旧、贬值”，“分享增值抵押贷款”］

 

适用技术 Shìyòng jìshù

与现有资源，如劳动力、生产规模，可能投入的资金和当期技术水平相适应的技术。［参见“替换技术”］

 

拨款 Bōkuǎn

由官方人员或机构批准供某一特定目的或工程使用的一定数额的款项。通常以一年为期或在规定年限内使用。

 

准许代用品 Zhǔnxǔ dàiyòngpǐn

在美国，指由建筑师或工程师批准，认为与合同文件中规定的材料、设备或方法在基本属性上相等，可以在工程中采用的代用品。

 

蓄水层 Xùshuǐcéng

能积水并为泉、井水源的岩石、砾石或沙的渗水地层。

 

仲裁 Zhòngcái

在美国，合同双方发生争执时，由争执双方选定或由政府司法部门制定一个或若干个公断人，听取论据并作出裁决，以替代公诉。

 

建筑师、建筑师事务所 Jiànzhùshī、Jiànzhùshī shìwùsuǒ

由政府确认合格，领有执照，准许从事建筑业务的个人或机构，常为法定职称。在美国，其基本任务包括承担方案设计、技术设计、施工图设计、参加投标及谈判、管理施工文件等。其业务范围还可扩大到承担可行性研究、施工管理及专业性咨询等。在中国，建筑设计业务通常由设计院承担。［参见“建筑师工程师事务所”］

 

建筑师认可证明 Jiànzhùshīrènkězhèngmíng

在美国，指建筑师所开具的书面证书，认可某一阶段的施工工程可以接受，或承包人的付款申请正当。

 

建筑师工程师事务所 Jiànzhùshī gōngchéngshī shìwùsuǒ

建筑师与工程师以承包的方式提供专业服务的营利性机构。［参见“建筑师、建筑师事务所”，“设计兼施工”］

 

建筑业务 Jiànzhùyèwù

［见“建筑师、建筑师事务所”］

 

建筑学 Jiànzhùxué

按照美学观点与实际需要与物质条件的许可所确定的原则，设计建筑物的技艺或实践。［参见“环境设计”］

面积估价法 Miànjīgūjiàfǎ

在美国，指用建筑面积估算建筑物工程承包的方法。即建筑物各楼层面积之和乘以当时的单位面积成本。

 

粗略估算 Cūlüègūsuàn

在美国，根据拟建工程中各不同类型部分面积的单位成本，粗略地估算拟建工程成本，通常用于方案设计阶段。［参见“方案设计”］

  

可变利率抵押贷款（缩写） Kěbiàn lìlǜdǐyādàikuǎn (suōxiě)

［见“可变利率抵押贷款”］

主干道 Zhǔgàndào

城市道路网中的骨干道路。

 

干线 Gànxiàn

铁路、航空、公路、水路交通等骨干线路的通称。

 

房地产课税价值 Fángdìchǎn kèshuì jiàzhí

在美国，由地方当局为征税目的而定的房地产价值。通常以该房地产市场价值的百分数表示。［参见“估价”、“地籍册”］

 

资产 Zīchǎn

在美国，企业或政府列入其资产负债表中的一切具有货币价值的财产，分为：有形固定资产，如机器；无形资产，如信誉；流动资产，如股份与现金。［参见“负债”］

 

过户 Guòhù

在美国，指将土地或地产所有权合法转让给他人，并正式登记备案。合同、租约或买卖权亦可转让。［参见“征地”、“产权证”］

 

公助住房 Gōngzhù zhùfáng

在美国，指由政府资助或以低息贷款建造或改建的供需房户居住的私有住房，或者由政府对于愿对低收入住户减低租金的房地产主给予津贴。在美国住房市场中，公助住房的比例很小（不足5%）。在一般用语中，公助住房包括公共住房，又称“补贴住房”，“中低收入住房”。［参见“住房津贴”、“住房管理”、“公共住房”］

 

内庭式建筑 Nèitíngshì jiànzhù

一种现代的建筑风格，建筑物内部有高达数层无间隔、植以树木的空间，称为内庭。在小型建筑中，内庭可用玻璃做墙，上无屋顶；在高层建筑中，内庭常用作门厅或休息场所，四周设店铺、餐厅等。

 

毗连住宅 Pílián zhùzhái

与相邻住宅共有分界墙的住宅，即联立式住宅或市镇联立式住宅。［参见“独立式住宅”、“二联式住宅”、“四联式住宅”、“联立式住宅”、“市镇联立式住宅”、“三联式住宅”］

 

自治区 Zìzhìqū

中国由少数民族自治的地方，相当于省一级的行政区域单位。例如以藏族为主的西藏自治区，以壮族为主的广西壮族自治区。中国宪法规定自治地方的行政建制为三级：自治区、自治州和自治县。［参见“市”］

 

平均每套建筑面积 Píngjūn měitào jiànzhù miànjī

在中国，指各套建筑面积之和除以总套数。［参见“户型”］

 

平均每人居住面积 Píngjūn měirén jūzhùmiànjī

在中国，指各套住宅居住面积之和除以各套住宅中居住的总人数。

 

平均每户人口 Píngjūn měihùrénkǒu

在中国，指某一地区内平均每户有正式户口的人口数。

 

污水深度处理（缩写） Wūshuǐ shēndùchǔlǐ (suōxiě)

［见“污水深度处理”］