- 2 -
From The Chinese Renaissance To "A Community Of Destiny For Mankind"

June 16, 2018

Any serious discussion on the reinvention of the Chinese civilization implies both a long view of time and a broad consideration of space. In that sense, the notion of "renlei mingyun gongtongti" (人类命运共同体) is highly meaningful.

While various renderings of "renlei mingyun gongtongti" are in circulation, it is the expression of "a community of destiny for mankind" which arguably stands as the most appropriate translation in English of what has become one of the key themes of China's public discourses and a concept inscribed in the PRC's Constitution in March 2018.

Characterized by the interactions between a rapid economic reemergence and a profound socio-political transformation, the Chinese renaissance is also a process of opening up to the world in which China is a receiver of external ideas and practices but acts also as an emitter.

Following the strategic decision of "Reform and Opening-up" taken exactly 40 years ago by Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997), Western modernity has certainly impacted the Chinese society but the Middle Country has also in many ways influenced global affairs.

The 21st century outward projection of China whose scope and depth have no precedent takes place around, at least, eight different axes: the export of goods, but also an increasing Chinese global presence through technology, people (tourists, students or simply the evolving Chinese diaspora), finance and corporate, art and culture, military, diplomacy but also ideas.

The notion of "a community of destiny for mankind" can be interpreted as an example of a Chinese intellectual outward projection, an overarching proposal originated in China for a world undergoing rapid change.

By insisting on the importance of co-building "a community of destiny for mankind", China opts for a geopolitical stance which is at the opposite of nationalistic unilateralism. While multilateralism is questioned and weakened by forces which have emerged in the country, the United States of America, which has been the main contributor to its elaboration in the aftermath of WWII, Beijing recognizes that in a world of unprecedented interdependence, cooperation, dialogue and compromise within multilateral organizations are indispensable.

Global interdependence is rightly perceived as an unavoidable reality, a destiny ("mingyun"), and one needs to manage and organize it (the notion of community, "gongtongti") not only at a country or macroregional level but at the largest possible scale, mankind ("renlei"). Four decades after her opening up to the world, China is a powerful advocate of an inclusive global governance for peace and shared prosperity.

"A community of destiny for mankind" also introduces to a defining feature of what is the renaissance of a civilization as anticipated and conceptualized by Hu Shih (1891–1962) in his rich 1933 Haskell Lectures.

It is in the Chinese historical and cultural context that the ideal of "a community of destiny for mankind" has to be interpreted, it echoes the universalism which has been a constitutive element of the Chinese classical understanding of humanism. "A community of destiny for mankind" is a 21st century re-interpretation of the classical concept of "da tong" (大同), or the Great Unity or Harmony.

From the Book of the Rites, one of the five classics of the Confucian canon, to Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) or Li Dazhao (1888–1927) through the controversial but stimulating Book of the Grand Harmony ("Da Tong Shu") of Kang Youwei (1858–1927), the quest for a Great Unity, the ideal of "da tong" (大同), has been a recurring theme of the Chinese political and philosophical discourse.

One of the permanent features of the Chinese civilization has been the quest to unify what was known under heaven ("tianxia", 天下) by the Middle Country, without this effort of synthesis, without this attempt at harmonizing differences, it would have been impossible for China to build its first unified political construction and, more importantly, to maintain in the following centuries long periods of unity between moments, it is true, of fragmentations.

The incipit of the famous Romance of The Three Kingdoms encapsulates well the cyclical rhythm of the Chinese history : "The world under heaven ("tianxia", 天下), after a long period of division, tends to unite; after a long period of union, tends to divide". But this insight presents also China's recurring concern for unity. In the 21st century, China's overall impact on the world will be more unifying than divisive since she carries with her as an idiosyncrasy a tendency toward synthesis which has been the source of her own cohesiveness.

At the other edge of the Eurasian continent, the history of Europe with its fiercely independent city-states, kingdoms and, following the 18th century, its nations, has been standing in a sharp contrast with the Chinese quest for synthesis, but since 1951 the European continent has finally entered a logic of integration. It can be said that, the European Union, the political expression of the European unity, has been designed with the ideal of a community of destiny for Europeans in mind.

Obviously, a much broader and complex community of destiny for mankind will not be reached at once and it can't be externally imposed by one hegemonic power. A long and arduous path, it nevertheless offers the perspective of a political architecture aligned with deeper historical forces – the realities of an ever-growing interdependence in a world of intense technological connectivity –, and it stands as a principle which morally elevates those who adopt it.

A concrete advance on this path should be, to a large extent, a product of the synergies between Europe and China, which in their own respective ways and at their own speed found the political wisdom to harmonize their internal heterogeneity. Having reached an equilibrium between unity and diversity these two ancient civilizations are, therefore, more apt to progress toward "a community of destiny for mankind", an effort of harmonization on a much larger scale, but which can benefit from their respective experiences.

At the opposite of the "China Threat" narrative, the Middle Country's 21st century metamorphosis constitutes a historical opportunity much beyond material gains since the effect of the Chinese renaissance could be a global renaissance attached to the growing awareness across the world that "a community of destiny for mankind" has to be co-built.

The renaissance that Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) described with great mastery and which transformed the cities of the Italian peninsula in the 14th and 15th century reshaped the entire European continent, and the Enlightenment of the French 18th century gradually impacted human societies far beyond the European borders.

In our time, while the process of the Chinese renaissance is taking place, while an ancient civilization reinvents itself materially and reinterprets her philosophical, cultural and artistic traditions, her centrality and attractiveness expand.

As China's cultural and artistic renaissance develops, her characteristics will not be seen anymore as peripheral realities in an exotic Orient, we will not simply look at her values, achievements and ideals, including "a community of destiny for mankind", but they will also partly determine our outlook on the world and on ourselves.

There might be a new historical moment in a not too distant future during which, "da tong" (大同), the Great Unity, could stand as a worldwide criterion by which we would evaluate a diplomacy and judge the actions of a country. This would also be an indicator of the completion of the Chinese renaissance and of its true global impact, not a mere objective change in world affairs but a cognitive shift in the way we interpret them.