Group 2
1
Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others（主语） is often called scapegoating（谓语）.
佳句妙译
用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语，如下：
主语：Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others
谓语：is often called scapegoating
词汇拓展
eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] v. 消除；排除
【例】Recent measures have not eliminated discrimination in employment.最近的举措还未能根除就业歧视。
【派】elimination （n. 消除；淘汰；除去 ）
【同】avoid, exclude
scapegoat [ˈskeɪpɡoʊt] v. 寻找替罪羊 n. 替罪羊
2
The chief foods eaten in any country（主语） depend largely on（谓语） what grows best in its climate and soil（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语从句，如下：
主语：The chief foods eaten in any country
谓语：depend largely on
宾语从句：what grows best in its climate and soil
3
Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability（主句） that it will not occur（同位语从句）.
佳句妙译
在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的概率等于它不发生的概率。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+同位语从句，如下：
主句：Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability
同位语从句：that it will not occur
知识拓展
同位语从句
同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较“固定”。
1. 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
e.g. I heard the news that our team had won.
2. 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, words（消息）, possibility, decision等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用）。
e.g. I've come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
3. 英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether；连接代词what, who；连接副词how, when, where等。（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
e.g. He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
4. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
e.g. The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
4
Most substance contract（主句） when they freeze（状语从句1） so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid（状语从句2）.
佳句妙译
大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以它们的密度在固态时高于液态。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句1+状语从句2，如下：
主句：Most substance contract
状语从句1：when they freeze
状语从句2：so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid
词汇拓展
contract [ˈka:ntrækt] v. 收缩；感染
【例】Blood is only expelled from the heart when it contracts. 心脏收缩时，血液才从心脏射出。
【派】contraction （n. 收缩，紧缩）
【同】shrink
5
The mechanism（主句） by which brain cells store memories（定语从句） is not clearly understood.
佳句妙译
大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人们所清楚地了解。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：The mechanism is not clearly understood
定语从句：by which brain cells store memories
6
By the middle of the twentieth century（状语）, painters and sculptors in the States（主语） had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art（谓语）.
佳句妙译
到了二十世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家已经开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。
句法精析
这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语，如英文句下标注所示。
词汇拓展
exert [ɪɡˈzɜ:rt] v. 施以影响；发挥；运用
【例】He exerted considerable influence on the thinking of the scientific community on these issues. 他对科学界在这些问题上的思考施加了相当大的影响。
【搭】exert an influence on 对…产生影响
【派】exertion（n. 发挥；运用；努力）
7
In the eastern part of New Jersey lies（谓语） the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center（主语）.
佳句妙译
伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。
句法精析
这句话是倒装句，整个句子的结构是谓语+主语，如英文句下标注所示。
8
Elizabeth Blackwell（主句（主语））, the first woman medical doctor in the United States（同位语1）, founded（谓语） the New York Infirmary（宾语）, an institution（同位语2） that has always had a completely female medical staff（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直全部为女性的纽约诊所。
句法精析
这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主语：Elizabeth Blackwell...founded the New York Infirmary
同位语1：the first woman medical doctor in the United States，具体解释主语的身份。
同位语2：an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff，具体解释纽约诊所。
定语从句that has always had a completely female medical staff，修饰先行词institution。
知识拓展
同位语
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，后项是前项的同位语。
e.g. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. our new teacher是主语Mr. Smith的同位语，指同一人。
e.g. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. a friend of my brother's是Tom的同位语，指同一人。
用法2
同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗号隔开；同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗号隔开。
e.g. He told me that his brother John was a world-famous doctor. John是单一的单词作同位语，与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。
e.g. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher，同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗号隔开。
用法3
同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。
e.g. We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. Chinese people是we的同位语。
e.g. He is interested in sports, especially ball games. especially ball games是sports的同位语。
词汇拓展
infirmary [ɪnˈfɜ:rməri] n. 医务室；医院；养老院
【例】Michael waits outside one of the examination rooms in the infirmary. Michael在医务室的某一个检查室外等候。
【同】hospital, clinic
9
Alexander Graham Bell once told his family（主句） that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋人的老师，而非电话的发明者。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+宾语从句构成，如下：
主句：Alexander Graham Bell once told his family
宾语从句：that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone
句子的主干是Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that...，结构为：主语+谓语+双宾语；宾语有两个，一个是his family，一个是that从句。
词汇拓展
Alexander Graham Bell 亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔（电话发明者）
inventor [ɪnˈventər] n.发明家
【例】Nobody thought that he had turned out a great inventor. 没人想到他会成为伟大的发明家。
【派】inventive（adj. 发明的；独出心裁的）；invent（v. 发明；创造；虚构）
【同】creator
短语搭配
would rather 宁愿，宁可
【例】I would rather stay than go. 我宁愿留下也不愿去。
10
Because its leaves remain green long after being picked（原因状语从句）, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance（主句）.
佳句妙译
采摘下的迷迭香叶子常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香与怀念联系在一起。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由原因状语从句+主句构成，如下：
原因状语从句：Because its leaves remain green long after being picked
主句：rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance
词汇拓展
rosemary [ˈroʊzmeri] n. [植]迷迭香
【例】There was rosemary behind me, and I could smell only the scent of its alcohol. 我身后有迷迭香，我只能闻见它散发出的酒精气味。
remembrance [rɪˈmembrəns] n. 回想；纪念品
【例】In remembrance of the battle, we set up a museum. 为纪念那次战役，我们建立了博物馆。
【派】remember （v. 记得，记起）
【同】memory
短语搭配
be associated with 和…联系在一起；与…有关
【例】It is believed to be associated with a single thought or image. 人们认为这与单一的思维或形象相关。
11
Although apparently rigid（状语从句）, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity（主句） that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它们也展现出一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由状语从句+主句+定语从句组成，如下：
状语从句：Although apparently rigid
主句：bones exhibit a degree of elasticity
定语从句：that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact。其中的that在定语从句中作主语，意义上指代先行词elasticity。
词汇拓展
rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 坚硬的；僵硬的；刻板的；严格的
【例】Mary was a fairly rigid person who had strong religious views. Mary是个相当刻板、有着很强宗教观念的人。
【派】rigidity（n. 僵化；坚硬；刻板）
exhibit [ɪɡˈzɪbɪt] n./v. 展现；展览；显示
【例】He exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry. 他表现出焦虑和忧心如焚的症状。
【搭】on exhibit展出
【派】exhibition（n.展览；显示；展览会；展览品）
【同】reveal
elasticity [ˌi:læˈstɪsəti] n. 弹性；弹力；灵活性
【例】Daily facial exercises help to retain the skin's elasticity. 每日的面部运动有助于保持皮肤弹性。
【派】elastic（adj. 有弹性的；灵活的；易伸缩的）
【同】flexibility
skeleton [ˈskelɪtn] n. 骨架，骨骼 adj. 骨骼的；骨瘦如柴的；概略的
【例】The skeleton showed no sign of disease or injury. 其骨架没有显示任何疾病或是外伤的迹象。
【同】framework
withstand [wɪð'stænd] v. 禁得起；抵挡；反抗
【例】He learns about himself and what he can withstand. 他了解自己，知道什么是他可以承受的。
12
That xenon could not form chemical compounds（主语（主语从句）） was once believed by scientists（谓语）.
佳句妙译
科学家曾相信，氙气是不能形成化合物的。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，句子的主语是that引导的从句：That xenon could not form chemical compounds。通常情况下，如果主语是从句，放在句首较长，那么常用it作形式主语，真正的主语从句放在后面，因此这句话也可以改写为：It was once believed by scientists that xenon could not form chemical compounds.
词汇拓展
xenon [ˈzena:n] n. [化]氙（稀有气体元素）
【例】Xenon and krypton are not retained by the body so they have little effect. 氙和氪不能在人体内停留，所以对人体影响很小。
compound [ˈka:mpaʊnd] n. [化]化合物；复合词 v. 合成；混合；和解，妥协
【例】Organic compounds contain carbon in their molecules. 有机化合物的分子里含碳。
13
Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability（主句） to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life（目的状语）.
佳句妙译
对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测的能力从而最大限度地减少损失，避免人员伤亡。
句法精析
这是一个简单句，句子的主干是：Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability，而to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life是三个并列的不定式短语作目的状语。
词汇拓展
dynamics [daɪ'næmɪks] n. 动力学，力学；（人或事物相互作用的）方式
【例】Our goal is to find out the time, the dynamics of this problem. 我们的目的是找出时间，找出这个问题的动因。
【派】dynamic（adj. 动态的；动力的；动力学的；有活力的）
【同】mechanics
minimize [ˈmɪnɪmaɪz] v. 使减到最少；最小化
【例】Concerned people want to minimize the risk of developing cancer. 忧心忡忡的人们想把患上癌症的风险降到最低。
【派】minimum（adj.最小的；最低的）
14
The elimination of inflation would ensure（主句） that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed（宾语从句）.
佳句妙译
消除通货膨胀应确保用于还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+宾语从句构成，如下：
主句：The elimination of inflation would ensure
宾语从句：that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed
其中，宾语从句中used in repaying a loan是过去分词短语作定语，修饰其前面的money；同样，borrowed也是过去分词作定语，修饰其前面的money。
词汇拓展
elimination [ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃn] n. 消除；淘汰；除去
【例】The discussion included matters for the rule of law, elimination of disagreement and serving national interest. 这次会谈涉及实行法治、消除分歧和服从国家利益等问题。
【派】eliminator （n.消除器；消除者）；eliminate （v.消除；排除）
inflation [ɪnˈfleɪʃn] n. 通货膨胀；夸张；自命不凡
【例】We are battling against inflation and unemployment. 我们正与通货膨胀和失业作斗争。
【派】inflated （adj. 通货膨胀的；价格飞涨的）
15
Futurism（主语）, an early twentieth-century movement in art（同位语）, rejected（谓语1） all traditions（宾语1） and attempted（谓语2） to glorify contemporary life（宾语2） by emphasizing the machine and motion（介词短语作状语）.
佳句妙译
未来主义——二十世纪早期的一种艺术运动——拒绝一切传统，并试图通过强调机械和动态来美化现代生活。
句法精析
这是一个简单句。句子的主干是Futurism...rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life；而an early twentieth-century movement in art是一个名词短语，作futurism的同位语，对futurism加以具体解释；介词短语by emphasizing the machine and motion说明美化生活的方式。
词汇拓展
futurism [ˈfju:tʃərɪzəm] n. 未来主义；未来派
【例】In his later years, film-maker Walt Disney became obsessed with futurism, and in particular how cities should be designed. 电影制作人Walt Disney在晚年被未来主义迷住了，特别是城市应该如何规划的问题。
emphasize [ˈemfəsaɪz] v. 强调，着重
【例】I must emphasize the fact that she is only a little girl. 我必须强调这样一个事实——她只不过是个小女孩。
【派】emphasis （n. 重点；强调；加强语气）
【同】stress, highlight
motion [ˈmoʊʃn] n. 动作；移动
【例】One group of muscles sets the next group in motion. 一组肌肉带动下一组肌肉运动。
【派】motive （adj.发动的；成为动机的）；motivation （n.动机；积极性；推动）
16
One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades（主句） where wildlife is abundant and largely protected（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
大沼泽国家公园是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受保护。
句法精析
这是主从复合句，由主句+定语从句构成。如下：
主句：One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades
定语从句：where wildlife is abundant and largely protected
其中，定语从句中的where作地点状语，其作用相当于in which，意思是“在大沼泽国家公园”。
词汇拓展
inaccessible [ˌɪnækˈsesəbl] adj. 难达到的；不可及的；难接近的
【例】It is a precious chance to go out for those people living in remote and inaccessible parts of China. 对于居住在中国偏远难及地区的人们，外出是一个宝贵的机会。
Everglade ['evəˌgleɪd] n.（尤指美国佛罗里达州南部的）大沼泽地
abundant [ə'bʌndənt] adj. 丰富的；充裕的
【例】There is an abundant supply of cheap labor. 那里有丰富的廉价劳动力供应。
【搭】abundant in富于；富有
【派】abundantly（adv. 丰富地；大量地）；abundance（n.充裕，丰富）
【同】ample, plentiful
17
Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant（主句） that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States（结果状语从句）.
佳句妙译
Lucretia Mott的影响如此巨大，以至于一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+结果状语从句构成，如下：
主句：Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant
结果状语从句：that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States，用于说明Lucretia Mott巨大影响的结果。
词汇拓展
Lucretia Mott (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) 卢克丽霞·莫特，美国教友派牧师、废奴主义者、社会改革家及女权的倡议者。
feminism [ˈfemənɪzəm] n. 女权运动；女权主义；男女平等主义
【例】Who was the leader of feminism? 谁是女权主义的领导人？
18
The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader（主句） than those of the domestic marketer（介宾短语）.
佳句妙译
国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者的广阔。
句法精析
此句是一个简单句。句子的主干是The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader，而than those of the domestic marketer是一个表示比较的介宾短语，作状语。
词汇拓展
frequently [ˈfri:kwəntli] adv. 频繁地，经常地；时常，屡次
【例】I know him, but we don't frequently see each other. 我认识他，但我俩并不常来常往。
【派】frequent（adj.频繁的；时常发生的；惯常的）；frequency（n.频率；频繁）
【同】continually, regularly
domestic [dəˈmestɪk] adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的
【例】Low prices crimped domestic output and foreign imports. 低物价阻碍了国内出口和国外进口。
【派】domesticated（adj.家养的；驯服的；喜欢家庭生活的）
19
The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies（主句） that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
大陆分水岭是指北美落基山脉上的一道假想线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+定语从句构成，如下：
主句：The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
定语从句：that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific，用来修饰imaginary line；关系代词that在定语从句中作主语，指imaginary line；定语从句中的 flowing into the Atlantic Ocean是现在分词短语作定语，修饰waters；同样flowing into the Pacific也是现在分词短语作定语，修饰those。
词汇拓展
imaginary [ɪˈmædʒɪneri] adj. 虚构的，假想的；想象的
【例】Lots of children have imaginary friends. 许多孩子都有假想的朋友。
【派】imaginative（adj. 虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的）；imagine （v.想象；猜想）
【同】fictitious
Rockies ['rɔkiz] n. 落基山脉
20
Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate（主句） that its crust and mantle yield（宾语从句） when unusual weight is placed on them（状语从句）.
佳句妙译
对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生屈曲。
句法精析
这是一个主从复合句，由主句+宾语从句+状语从句构成，如下：
主句：Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate
宾语从句：that its crust and mantle yield
宾语从句中包含一个状语从句：when unusual weight is placed on them
句子的主干是：Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that...
词汇拓展
gravity [ˈɡrævəti] n. 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄严
【例】The stone rolled down the mountain by gravity. 这块石头由于重力作用滚下山。
【派】grave（adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的）
crust [krʌst] n. 地壳；外壳；面包皮；坚硬外皮
【例】Under the atmosphere, scientists think there is a very thick crust of carbon and oxygen. 科学家认为在大气圈内，存在着由碳和氧元素组成的非常厚的壳层。
【搭】earn one's crust 谋生，挣钱糊口
mantle ['mæntl] n. 地幔；斗篷；覆盖物
【例】It is this shoving of the mantle that created the volcanoes of the Mediterranean.正是这种地幔的推动，才创造了地中海地区的这些火山。
【同】covering