全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)预测试卷一
考生注意事项
1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2. 答题前,考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”“报考单位”“考生编号”等信息。
3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡上。填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2)翻译部分的答案和作文必须用黑色字迹签字笔在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内作答。字迹要清楚。
4. 考试结束后,将答题卡一并装入试题袋中交回。
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Bread is the only food meeting salt target, survey finds. Bread rolls are the only 1 foodstuff likely to meet 2017 salt-reduction targets, research shows. The 2 industry will miss almost every target set to 3 the amount of the “hidden killer” in processed food.
The 2017 goal had been that by the 4 of this year products should contain no more than 1.13g of salt per 100g. A survey 5 by Consensus Action on Salt and Health (Cash) found the only food group 6 to scrape into this range is “bread and rolls”. After examining all 28 categories of 7 food, researchers could not find 8 other item coming close to meeting targets. Doctors and scientists 9 that Galaxy Ultimate Marshmallow Hot Chocolate is saltier 10 seawater—and that a single serving has more salt than a packet of crisps.
The public health responsibility deal was 11 by government in 2011 to encourage manufacturers to self-regulate. Targets for 2017 were set in 2014 and Cash agreed to 12 the scheme by recording the salt 13 of common foodstuffs in UK shops and supermarkets. The recommendations were designed to 14 consumers eating no more than the recommended 6g of salt a day. A high-salt diet has been 15 to high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. Health campaigners are calling on public health officials to 16 set new targets for 2020 and push food companies to meet this year's recommendations.
Looking at a shopping basket of everyday food items, researchers found for every high-salt option, healthier low sodium alternatives were 17 . In comparing the two sets of groceries, they found a difference of 57g of salt 18 the healthy choice and the salt-laden set of goods.
Graham MacGregor, professor of cardiovascular(心血管的) medicine at Queen Mary University of London, called the findings “a national scandal.” He added,“The UK was leading the world in salt reduction, 19 Public Health England are doing nothing to ensure 20 2017 salt targets are met.”
1. [A] managed [B] manifested [C] manipulated [D] manufactured
2. [A] foodstuff [B] bread [C] food [D] diet
3. [A] power [B] lower [C] promote [D] load
4. [A] end [B] means [C] bottom [D] beginning
5. [A] carried on [B] carried out [C] carried over [D] carried off
6. [A] like [B] unlike [C] likely [D] alike
7. [A] produced [B] proceeded [C] preserved [D] processed
8. [A] any [B] many [C] some [D] few
9. [A] invented [B] discovered [C] investigated [D] innovated
10. [A] as [B] as well as [C] than [D] then
11. [A] make up [B] line up [C] put up [D] set up
12. [A] monitor [B] modernize [C] moderate [D] modify
13. [A] contact [B] content [C] context [D] contest
14. [A] let [B] bet [C] get [D] met
15. [A] mixed [B] associated [C] reacted [D] linked
16. [A] efficiently [B] diligently [C] effectively [D] urgently
17. [A] available [B] affordable [C] avoidable [D] approvable
18. [A] among [B] between [C] beyond [D] through
19. [A] and [B] however [C] but [D] or
20. [A] what [B] which [C] this [D] that
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
A reading program designed to help men become better fathers is associated with better parenting skills as well as behavior and learning improvements in kids, a small study has found.
Researchers focused on Head Start centers in New York City, where programs are designed to improve school readiness for children younger than 5. Researchers randomly assigned 126 families to either participate in a reading-based parenting program with eight weekly sessions or join a control group of people on a waiting list for the program.
Fathers in the parenting program watched videos showing dads reading with children and making exaggerated errors. The men discussed better approaches and were encouraged to practice these strategies when reading at home with their own sons and daughters. Among other things, the program tried to improve such parenting skills as establishing consistent routines and spending time with children doing things chosen by the young people. The program also encouraged dads to use praise and rewards to promote good behavior and to use distraction or reduced attention to discourage negative behavior.
Children with fathers in the program had significantly bigger improvements in behavior and language development during the study period than the other children, researchers report in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. Fathers in the program also reported improved discipline approaches and promotion of their children's psychological growth by the end of the study. When researchers observed how dads' interactions changed after the program, they found that fathers made fewer critical statements to their children and used more positive parenting behaviors such as praise and affection.
In addition to its small size, one limitation of the study was the lack of follow-up data to see whether the program had a lasting effect, the authors note. The reading approach used in the program may work well with preschoolers but not with older kids, said Anil Chacko, a psychology researcher at New York University and the study's lead author.
Still, the study suggests that approaches previously tested to help mothers improve parenting can also help fathers, said Caroline Kistin, a pediatrics researcher at Boston University who wasn't involved in the study. “Shared reading supports child cognitive development, but probably more importantly, helps children develop the ability to pay attention and cooperate,” Kistin said by email. “For these social-emotional skills, the shared experience—sitting close together, pointing out pictures, making connections between the book and daily life—are critical.”
21. Which of the following statements is the purpose of the reading program?
[A] To help parents improve their way taking care of their children.
[B] To promote fathers' skills in being better dads.
[C] To help children better their behaviors and learning skills.
[D] To establish the connection between parenting and learning skills.
22. Head Start centers in New York City conduct studies on __________.
[A] equipping young children with sufficient preparation for attending school
[B] providing parents with a reading-based parenting program
[C] putting fathers on a waiting list for a reading-based parenting program
[D] improving children's psychological growth and language development
23. Which of the following did fathers do in the parenting program?
[A] Watching videos showing parents reading books and making mistakes.
[B] Discussing better parenting ways and practicing these skills.
[C] Spending time doing things decided by themselves.
[D] Criticizing their kids for wrongdoings or negative behaviors.
24. Children with fathers in the parenting program made greater progress in __________.
[A] linguistic and behavioral skills
[B] psychological and cognitive skills
[C] social and emotional skills
[D] reading and learning skills
25. The main idea of this text is that __________.
[A] shared reading program supports child cognitive development
[B] reading-based parenting program helps both mothers and fathers
[C] reading with dad seems to improve behavior and learning in children
[D] the reading approach used in the program may work well with all kids
Text 2
In the future, cars will not need drivers. Pity. SHARON can park herself. At a signal from a smartphone, a system of tiny computers activates her engine, gearbox and steering—and she reverses smoothly into a parking space. Sensors stop her from bumping into other cars or people. Pilotless cars, such as the Volkswagen Sharan (nicknamed Sharon), are no distant dream. Many people at this week's Frankfurt Motor Show were asking not only how the cars of the future will be powered, but who or what will drive them.
“Where does the car end and the phone begin?” asked Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine, at a brain-storming session organised by Audi, a carmaker. A future car will be more like a computer on wheels, networked with the surrounding infrastructure and other vehicles. Even if it comes with a steering wheel, the “driver” will have the Knight-Rider-esque option of being piloted while he video-conferences, answers e-mails or looks on a screen at an annotated view of the world whizzing by.
The threat to the taxi drivers parked outside the show is obvious. But Frankfurt's cabbies are a sceptical bunch. Driverless taxis? Not in my lifetime, says one. “It's science fiction,” scoffs another.
In tough times, many carmakers are innovating like fury. Some are recasting themselves as “mobility service providers”. This means hawking car-related software and other add-ons. For example, for those who prefer to hire or share cars—as young city-slickers increasingly do—there is software to make them feel at home in any vehicle, by instantly switching the radio and other settings to their tastes. Some carmakers are also tempting buyers with more mundane services, such as priority parking or cheap deals on fuel (whether petrol, hydrogen or electricity). Or, to help them let off steam, they might offer an annual spin with that gas-guzzling sports-utility vehicle of their dreams.
Even in changing times, there is still plenty of passion for a flash motor. Hence the covetous sighs that greeted the new Ferrari 458 Spider, which was unveiled on September 13th. Alongside it was Ferrari's first four-wheel drive four-seater. “Different Ferraris for different Ferraristi!” exclaimed Luca di Montezemolo, Ferrari's boss. Even Volkswagen's new single-seater electric commuter, with its narrow body and wide wheelbase, looks rather like a 1950s racing-car.
26. We may learn from Paragraph 1 that pilotless cars are operated by __________.
[A] human being drivers
[B] certain carmakers
[C] a system of microcomputers
[D] some remote sensors
27. Which of the following statements is true?
[A] Sharon is a driverless car produced by Volkswagen.
[B] Audi is a carmaker focusing on computers that activate wheels.
[C] Ferrari 458 Spider is a four-wheel drive four-seater car.
[D] Volkswagen's new electric commuter can't run fast.
28. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that some taxi drivers' attitude towards pilotless car in Frankfurt is __________.
[A] positive
[B] indifferent
[C] ridiculous
[D] dubious
29. It can be concluded from Paragraph 4 that __________.
[A] carmakers develop new softwares to provide consumers with mobility services
[B] car manufacturers promote car users' priority in parking and fueling gasoline
[C] auto manufacturers resort to various innovations to pull customers in hard times
[D] automakers attract young urban drivers by making them feel at home in cars
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] What Is Future Car Like—a Flash in a Pan?
[B] Autoficial Intelligence—Where Does the Car End and the Phone Begin?
[C] Can Smartphones Keep Your Cars Intelligent as Human Drivers?
[D] Are Future Self-driving Cars a Blessing or a Menace?
Text 3
A proposed $10 billion cross-border consolidation play illustrates how payment services have come from a dusty banking backroom to the front lines of financial activity. Worldpay, once the inhouse processor for Royal Bank of Scotland in the U.K., has agreed in principle to a cash-and-shares takeover proposal from Vantiv, a former joint venture between Fifth Third Bank and a private-equity group.
The reasons for the deal, announced Wednesday, are simple: Retailers want to be able to accept payments in many more forms than in the past, while customers and international tourists increasingly expect to be able to use whatever form of payment they wish. This is a technological headache that payment companies have been investing heavily to solve.
Vantiv already is the leading processor of card transactions in the U.S., ahead of First Data, according to the Nilson Report, an industry research firm. Worldpay is the leading U.K. processor. But it isn't the U.K. business that Vantiv is really after: It is the U.K. company's global e-commerce offering, which focuses on serving online businesses and provides 46% of Worldpay's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. The agreement between Vantiv and Worldpay is preliminary.
There were no details on potential cost savings and the companies warned a formal offer may not ultimately be made. There will be an average premium to Worldpay shares of about 20% in the three months before the offer was made, according to FactSet. However, news of a potential bidding battle between Vantiv and J.P. Morgan on Tuesday sent Worldpay shares up nearly 30%. On Wednesday, J.P. Morgan said it doesn't intend to make an offer and Worldpay stock lost about half those gains. By late U.S. morning Wednesday, Worldpay was trading just 0.5% below the value of Vantiv's potential offer.
Payments consolidation will continue because retailers and consumers want to be able to accept and spend money anywhere. When Worldpay first listed on the U.K. stock market in 2015, it had just turned down a takeover offer from Ingenico, a French payments group. Another payments company could yet be tempted to jump in with a competing bid. Worldpay investors can wait to see what the details of a Vantiv takeover really promise.
31. The phrase “a technological headache” (Paragraph 2) most probably means __________.
[A] how to provide payment services without dusty banking backroom
[B] how to create different means of payments in the most front lines of financial activity
[C] how to use computers and Internet in cash payments and charge payments
[D] how to use various forms of payments to meet both sellers and buyers' requirements
32. We can infer from the third paragraph that Vantiv wants to take over Worldpay because __________.
[A] Worldpay is the largest payment company in Great Britain
[B] Vantiv has the ability to control online payment in U.S.A.
[C] Worldpay has an extensive business both at home and abroad
[D] Vantiv is ambitious to be the leading company in e-commerce
33. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Worldpay and Vantiv have theoretically come to consensus on the consolidation.
[B] Vantiv and Worldpay are both originally joint ventures in banking.
[C] Worldpay and Vantiv shareholders will have the same shares and dividends later.
[D] The agreement by Vantiv and Worldpay is still in the preparation stage.
34. J.P. Morgan and Ingenico are mentioned to show that __________.
[A] there are several potential competitors bidding for the consolidation
[B] J.P. Morgan is a giant company and Ingenico can't rival it
[C] Worldpay will not accept either of them as the merging partner
[D] J.P. Morgan and Ingenico can exert great influence on Worldpay shares
35. We can learn from the last paragraph that __________.
[A] Ingenico is a potential opponent of Vantiv
[B] coalition of payments company is a trend in business
[C] there is another French venture intending to take over Worldpay
[D] Worldpay shareholders take an optimistic attitude towards the merge
Text 4
When Uncle Joshua, a character in Peter De Vries' 1959 novel, The Tents of Wickedness, says that nostalgia “isn't what it used to be,” the line is played for humor: To those stuck in the past, nothing—not even memory itself—survives the test of time. And yet Uncle Joshua's words have themselves aged pretty well (despite being widely misattributed to Yogi Berra): Technology, though ceaselessly striving toward the future, has continually revised how we view the past.
Nostalgia—generally defined as a sentimental longing for bygone times—underwent a particularly significant metamorphosis in 1888, when Kodak released the first commercially successful camera for amateurs. Ads soon positioned it as a necessary instrument for preserving recollections of children and family celebrations. According to Nancy Martha West, the author of Kodak and the Lens of Nostalgia, the camera “allowed people... to arrange their lives in such a way that painful or unpleasant aspects were systematically erased.”
Technology is poised to once again revolutionize the way we recall the past. Not so long ago, nostalgia's triggers were mostly spontaneous: catching your prom's slow-dance song on the radio, riffling through photo albums while you were home for the holidays. Today, thanks to our devices, we can experience nostalgia on demand. The Nostalgia Machine website plays songs from your “favorite music year”; another app, Sundial, replays the songs you were listening to exactly a year ago. The Timehop app and Facebook's On This Day feature shower you with photos and social-media updates from a given date in history. The Museum of Endangered Sounds website plays the noises of discontinued products (the chime of a Bell phone, the chirping of a Euro signal pager). Retro Site Ninja lets you revisit web pages from the 1990s.
This is just the beginning: While these apps and websites let us glimpse the past, other technologies could place us more squarely inside it. But although psychologists believe nostalgia is crucial for finding meaning in life and for combatting loneliness, we don't yet know whether too much of it will have negative, even dystopian, effects. As technology gives us unprecedented access to our memories, might we yearn for the good old days when we forgot things?
36. According to Paragraph 2, the Kodak's camera was mentioned to __________.
[A] show its first commercial success
[B] prove that technology once revolutionized the way we recollect the past
[C] introduce an instrument for recording moments of children and family celebrations
[D] illustrate that nostalgia refers to a sentimental longing for the past times
37. People can enjoy the sound produced by the Bell phone by __________.
[A] getting access to a website and playing the recorded sound
[B] going to a museum and listening to those endangered noises
[C] turning on a radio and tuning in to the correct sound channel
[D] using Nostalgia machine and replaying the sound once more
38. The psychologists deem that recalling the past __________.
[A] may not be positive to the nostalgic people
[B] may help people fight against solitude
[C] causes negative feelings in the nostalgic people
[D] exerts undesirable or frightening effects
39. It can be concluded from the text that science and technologies __________.
[A] cannot change people's yearning for beautiful bygone times
[B] may produce unprecedented approach to nostalgic entertainments
[C] will be controlled by psychologists to find significance in life
[D] may plunge people directly into the situation identical to the past
40. The best title of this text might be __________.
[A] Nostalgia—an Emotional Yearning for Pastimes
[B] Camera—the Lens of Nostalgia
[C] The End of Forgetting
[D] Apps and Internet—the End of Nostalgia
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. What are you good at
B. Practice income disruptions
C. Save for retirement
D. Be prepared for income shock
E. Create a rainy-day fund
F. Keep an optimistic attitude towards income shock
G. Don't be under-insured
No one thinks an income shock—something that disrupts their earnings—will happen to them. But research from The New School for Social Research finds that almost no one is safe from periods of lost income due to a health crisis, job loss or other life transitions in their working years. What's more, lower-income Americans are especially vulnerable, according to research funded by the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE). In fact, the research suggests it is not a matter of whether something will disrupt earnings, but when and how severe the effects of such shocks will be. “Income shocks, unfortunately, are common for the majority of American workers,” says Ted Beck, president and CEO of NEFE. So, what can you do to mitigate/manage the risk of having your earnings disrupted?
41. ______________________________
“People saving for retirement should know the biggest risks for retirement saving are spells of non-employment and not being able to work as long as you expected,” says Teresa Ghilarducci, a professor at The New School and author of the report“Untangling the Determinants of Retirement Savings Balances.” Given that, Ghilarducci recommends being financial prepared for what she calls “expected surprises” such as college, health care expenses and household expenses. In addition, Jamie Hopkins, an associate professor at American College of Financial Services, says a death in the family can also upend your plans.
42. ______________________________
“Practice what it will be like to have an income disruption,” Beck says. “Have a normal budget and also a bare-bones budget. That way if you lose your job you already have an idea on where you have flexibility to make cuts. Realize this is difficult for those with more than one job and living paycheck to paycheck. It's not an ‘all class' issue.”
43. ______________________________
Assess what skills you have because, Beck says, you may need to look to supplement work if an income disruption occurs. “Are there new skills that you can develop?” he asks. “Don't sit around and wait to become a victim of income disruptions.”
44. ______________________________
While insurance might seem expensive, it can help protect you in the long run from unexpected shocks to your plan, Hopkins says. “This means having the right health insurance, disability coverage, life insurance and property and casualty insurance for your home and car,” he says. “Study after study shows that well-insured Americans accumulate more money of their life than those who forgo valuable insurance coverage.”
45. ______________________________
Financial-planning experts suggest setting aside at least six to nine months of living expenses in a money market account, one that offers liquidity and safety of principal. “An emergency savings should be established so that you don't have to consider tapping your retirement savings,” Beck says. “Tapping your 401(k) account should be the last option that you exercise.”
Save early, save often
“For savers, time is your best friend,” Hopkins says. “This means start saving as early as possible. Also, save smart. This means take advantage of your company retirement plan but also don't forget about IRAs. If you don't have a work-provided retirement plan you need to do more to save like using an IRA.” Consider, too, the adverse effects an earnings disruption could have on your retirement.“Depending on the severity or duration of the income disruption you can find yourself significantly hindered in retirement,” Beck says.
Section Ⅲ Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Teenage smoking has long been one of the most serious public-health issues. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and 9 in 10 American smokers had their first taste of tobacco before the age of 18. Although policies to curb teen smoking showed signs of success for a time, youth tobacco rates remained stagnant between 2011 and 2015. During this period, the use of e-cigarettes among high school students increased by a staggering 900 percent.
With these statistics in mind, the recent decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products.
Section Ⅳ Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your good friend John is admitted by Harvard Business School. Write a letter to him to:
1) express your congratulation, and
2) briefly tell John your wishes to him.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) describe the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
答案速查表
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. D
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. B
31. D 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. C
Part B (10 points)
41. D 42. B 43. A 44. G 45. E
Section Ⅲ Translation (15 points)
长期以来,青少年吸烟一直是最严重的公共健康问题之一。在美国,吸烟是导致可预防性死亡的主要原因,而10个美国烟民中有9个在18岁之前就开始吸烟。尽管抑制青少年吸烟的政策在一段时间内颇有成效,但在2011年至2015年期间,青少年吸烟率仍然没有下降的趋势。在此期间,高中生使用电子烟的比例惊人地上升了9倍。
考虑到这些统计数据,最近青少年烟草和电子烟的消费量下降是一个令人鼓舞的信号,表明(政府)干预可能正在起作用。虽然很难确定因果关系,但专家认为消费量下降是由于实施了一系列旨在劝阻年轻人使用烟草的联邦、州和地方政策,例如提高烟草税和扩大禁烟法令的实施范围,包括电子烟和其他烟草新产品。
Section Ⅳ Writing (25 points)
(见后)
精读透析
Section I Use of English
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文源于2017年3月20日的《卫报》(The Guardian)。原文标题为Few Foods on Track to Meet Salt Reduction Targets, Survey Reveals(《调查发现,很少有食物能按照规定满足减盐目标》)。
[文章大意]本文论述了加工食品中很少有食品能符合食盐摄入标准的问题。英国政府于2014年设定了2017年的减盐目标——到2017年年末,每100克食品的含盐量不超过1.13克。但是研究人员调查发现,唯一能勉强达到这个标准的是“面包类食品”。伦敦大学玛丽女王学院心血管医学教授格雷厄姆·麦格雷戈称:“英国在减少盐摄入量方面居世界领先地位,但英国公共卫生署没有采取任何措施来确保实现2017年的减盐目标。”
[篇章结构]
试题透析
1. [试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Bread rolls are the only ________ foodstuff likely to meet 2017 salt-reduction targets, research shows. 空格处缺的形容词用来修饰foodstuff。本文重点讲述加工食品中唯一符合食盐标准的是面包类食品。而本段最后一句中的processed food(加工食品)提示空格处应与此有关,本题选项[D]manufactured“加工的,制造的”与其语义相似,故为答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A] managed“被管理的”不能用来修饰foodstuff。选项[B]manifested“证明的;已显示的,显然的”和选项[C]manipulated“受操作的,被掌控的”都不符合上下文语义。
2. [试题考点]语意关系+名词辨析。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为The _______ industry will miss almost every target...,所缺名词应作定语,修饰industry。本句大意是“______行业将无法达成几乎每一个……目标。”根据上下文内容可知,本文主要讲述加工食品中的含盐量问题,即食品(加工)行业,食品行业应该表述为food industry,选项[C]food符合要求。
[干扰排除]选项[A]foodstuff意为“食料;粮食;具体的食物”,不能用来表示食品行业或食品工业;选项[B]bread意为“面包”,没有面包行业或面包工业这种说法;选项[D]diet“饮食,食物;规定饮食;节食”也不适合与industry搭配,不能用来表示食品工业或食品行业。
3. [试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为target set to ________ the amount of the“hidden killer” in processed food,所缺动词与后面的the amount搭配后要与上下文中“减少食盐摄入量”在语意上吻合,特别是上一句中有明确的线索提示词语to meet 2017 salt-reduction targets。这里set to是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰前面的target。此处大意为“旨在________加工食品中‘隐藏的杀手'的含量的目标。”因此空格处所填词要与salt-reduction构成同义互释的关系,最佳答案为选项[B],lower的意思是“降低,减少”,符合语境要求。
[干扰排除]选项[A] power的意思为“激励,提供动力”,选项[C] promote的意思是“提升,促进;推销;发扬”,选项[D]load的意思为“加载;装载;使担负”,分别代入空格,均与上下文的“减少食盐摄入量”在语义上不一致。
4. [试题考点]语意关系+固定搭配。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为The 2017 goal had been that by the ________ of this year products should contain no more than 1.13g of salt per 100g. 大意是“2017年的目标是,至本年________,每100克食品的含盐量不超过1.13克。”空格处缺名词,与of this year搭配,构成一个固定短语。根据上下文内容,我们可以判断应该是说到本年末,即by the end of是正确的搭配用语,因此正确答案为选项[A]end“末端,结尾,尽头,终止”。
[干扰排除]选项[B]means“手段,方法”通常可以构成的短语是by means of,意思是“用,依靠,借助于”,这与语义不符。选项[C]bottom“底部,末端”一般不与介词by连用构成固定搭配,常与其搭配的是介词at或from等。选项[D]beginning“开始,起点”在语义逻辑上与原文不符。
5. [试题考点]语意关系+动词短语辨析。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为A survey ________ by Consensus Action on Salt and Health (Cash) found...,大意是“一项由盐分与健康共识行动组织________的调查发现……”这里需要填入一个过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰其前面的名词survey。根据上下文语义可知,此处与survey搭配的动词短语意思应为“进行,实施”。所以选项[B]carried out“进行,开展,实施”为正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]carried on意为“继续进行”,选项[C]carried over意为“持续下去;延期;遗留下来”,选项[D]carried off意为“完成;抢走;成功地对付;过得去”,都不符合上下文语义。
6. [试题考点]语意关系+副词辨析。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为...found the only food group ________ to scrape into this range is “bread and rolls”,大意是“……发现唯一________勉强满足这个标准的是‘面包类食品’。”根据句子结构分析,空格处缺少副词,大意应是“可能,也许”满足标准。选项[C]likely“很可能,或许”符合要求。
[干扰排除]选项[A]like意为“喜欢;像,如同,相似”,选项[B]unlike意为“不同的,不相似的,不像”,选项[D]alike意为“类似于;以同样的方式”,这三个选项均无法合理表述上下文的逻辑关系,故排除。
7. [试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为After examining all 28 categories of ________ food,大意是“在研究了共28种________食品后”。因为文中第一段结尾的句子中出现了与本题有直接对应关系的表述processed food“加工食品”,所以选项[D]processed符合要求,为正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]produced“被生产的”、选项[B]proceeded“行进;继续进行”和选项[C]preserved“可保存的”都不符合上下文内容。
8. [试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为researchers could not find ________ other item coming close to meeting targets,大意是“研究人员无法找到近乎能够达到这个标准的________其他食品。”这里需要填入一个形容词,表示“任何其他食品”。而且本句是一个否定句式,所以选项[A]any符合语境和上下文语义。
[干扰排除]选项[B]many“许多的,很多的”后面接的名词应该为复数形式,而原文中item是单数形式。选项[C]some“一些,某些”常用于肯定句,而且后面的名词通常为复数形式。选项[D]few“很少的,几乎没有的”也无法与上下文形成合理的逻辑和语义关系。
9. [试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Doctors and scientists ________ that Galaxy Ultimate Marshmallow Hot Chocolate is saltier...,大意是“医生和科学家们________,‘银河终极棉花糖'热巧克力……含盐量更高。”空格处所填词与that引导的宾语从句构成动宾关系。选项[B]discovered “发现”符合句意。
[干扰排除]选项[A]invented“发明;虚构”指对新生事物的创造和研发,语义内容和逻辑与原文不符。选项[C]investigated“研究,调查”指对事物真相或实质的探究。选项[D]innovated“革新,创新”指对旧事物的改造和创新。这三项代入原文均无法表明医生和科学家们的研究发现。
10. [试题考点]语意关系+比较级构成。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Galaxy Ultimate Marshmallow Hot Chocolate is saltier ________ seawater,大意是“‘银河终极棉花糖'热巧克力________海水含盐量高。”从语境和句子结构来判断,这里是一个比较句型,所以选项[C]than“比……”为正确答案,其构成的比较结构是is saltier than seawater。
[干扰排除]选项[A]as“因为;如同,和……一样”、选项[B]as well as“也,又;和……一样好”和选项[D]then“然后;那么”均无法与saltier构成比较结构。
11. [试题考点]语意关系+固定搭配。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为The public health responsibility deal was ________ by government in 2011 to encourage manufacturers to self-regulate. 大意是“公共卫生责任协议是政府在2011年________的,目的是鼓励制造商自我监管。”空格处所填词需要与名词deal“政策;协议”搭配,符合语境和上下文内容的为选项[D]set up“设立,建立,创立”。
[干扰排除]选项[A]make up“组成;编制;化妆;弥补”、选项[B]line up“站成一排,排队”和选项[C]put up“举起,抬起;张贴;提高”均不能与deal构成合理搭配。
12. [试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Targets for 2017 were set in 2014 and Cash agreed to ________ the scheme,大意是“2017年的目标是在2014年设定的,盐分与健康共识行动组织同意________该计划。”代入四个选项,选项[A]monitor“监控;检查;控制,调节”能够合理表明句中的动宾关系,符合上下文语义。
[干扰排除]选项[B]modernize“(使)现代化”、选项[C]moderate“使减轻,使缓和;节制”和选项[D]modify“修改,修饰,更改”在逻辑上和语义上与原文不符。文章指出盐分与健康共识行动组织对此计划的实施应起到监督的作用,不可能是使该计划现代化、缓和或更改。
13. [试题考点]语意关系+名词辨析。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为...recording the salt ________ of common foodstuffs in UK shops and supermarkets。承接上题,盐分与健康共识行动组织同意通过记录英国商店和超市里常见食品的盐________来监管该计划的实施。根据上下文,我们可以推断出这里所要表达的意思是记录食品的含盐量,content“容量,含量”与原文内容吻合,因此正确答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]选项[A]contact“接触,联系”、选项[C]context“环境;上下文”和选项[D]contest“竞赛;争论;竞争”代入后都不能与salt搭配,表示“含盐量”的意思。
14. [试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为The recommendations were designed to ________ consumers eating no more than the recommended 6g of salt a day. 大意是“这些建议旨在________消费者每天最多吃6克盐。”缺少的是不定式中的动词,为及物动词。根据上下文语义的提示,这里应该选择一个使役动词,表示“使某人做某事”,即“使消费者每天最多吃6克盐”。选项[C]get“使得;把……弄得”后接复合宾语,符合原文语义。同时,get可以搭配的结构非常丰富多样,如:get everything ready, get one's leg broken, get things moving, get one's bicycle repaired, get one's hair cut等。
[干扰排除]选项[A]let“允许,让”后面接动词原形;选项[B]bet“打赌,敢断定,确信”和选项[D]met“遇见;满足”不符合句意,后面也无法接“sb.+现在分词”结构。
15. [试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为A high-salt diet has been ________ to high blood pressure,heart disease and stroke. 大意是“高盐饮食与高血压、心脏病和中风________。”本句解题线索是短语be ________ to。选项[D]linked“连接;有关联”符合这个短语结构,表示“与……有关,与……相联系”。故选[D]。
[干扰排除]选项[A]mixed“混合;混杂”常与by, with, up等词连用。选项[B]associated“使发生联系;联想;联合”常与with搭配使用。选项[C]reacted“反应”可以和to搭配使用,但一般是说某人对某事产生某种反应,语义上不符合原文。
16. [试题考点]语意关系+副词辨析。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Health campaigners are calling on public health officials to ________ set new targets for 2020,大意为“健康宣传人士呼吁公共卫生官员________制定2020年的新目标。”上文提到高盐饮食与高血压、心脏病和中风有关,所以这里应该是说公共卫生官员被呼吁尽快制定新的减盐目标。因此选项[D]urgently“迫切地,紧急地,急切地”最合适,表明时间紧迫,应尽快采取措施。
[干扰排除]选项[A]efficiently“有效地,效率高地”、选项[B]diligently“勤奋地,勤勉地”和选项[C]effectively“有效地,生效地;有力地”均无法表明制定新目标的紧迫性。
17. [试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]空格所在句为Looking at a shopping basket of everyday food items, researchers found for every high-salt option, healthier low sodium alternatives were ________. 大意为“研究人员研究了一购物篮的日常食品,他们发现,每一种高盐食品________更健康的低钠替代食品。” found后面的宾语从句的正常语序是healthier low sodium alternatives were ________ for every high-salt option,即对于每一种高盐食品来说,都有更健康的低钠替代食品。因此选项[A]available“可获得的,可购得的,可找到的”符合句意。
[干扰排除]选项[B]affordable意为“负担得起的,买得起的”,文中没有提到是否买得起低钠食物的问题。选项[C]avoidable“可避免的,可消除的”代入文中,不符合常识。选项[D]approvable“可批准的;可赞成的”与上下文语义逻辑不符。
18. [试题考点]语意关系+介词辨析。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]空格所在句为In comparing the two sets of groceries, they found a difference of 57g of salt ________ the healthy choice and the salt-laden set of goods. 大意是“在比较两组食品时,他们发现一组有益健康的食品和一组含盐量高的食品________在含盐量上有57克的差别。”这里指出研究人员对两组食品进行比较,所以推断这里应该是说两组食品之间在含盐量上有差异。选项[B]between“两者之间”符合句意。
[干扰排除]选项[A]among意为“在……中间,在……之中”,通常指三者或三者以上的事物或人中间。选项[C]beyond“超过,越过;在那边,在较远的一边”和选项[D]through“通过;穿过;凭借”都不能表示“在两者之间”的意思。
19. [试题考点]语意关系+连词辨析。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为The UK was leading the world in salt reduction, ________ Public Health England are doing nothing...,大意是“英国在减少盐摄入量方面居于世界领先地位,________英国公共卫生署没有采取任何措施……”空格前面提到英国在减少食盐摄入量方面居世界领先地位,这是值得称赞和表扬的积极一面,而下文指出英国公共卫生署没有采取任何措施,这是消极的一面,因此这两个信息之间应该为转折关系,所以,选项[C]but符合语境。
[干扰排除]选项[A]and“而且,和,并且”连接的两个分句通常为并列的关系。选项[B]however“然而,可是”虽然也表示转折,但是通常需要用逗号将其前后内容隔开。选项[D]or“或者,还是;否则”表示并列或选择关系,不能表达转折的含义。
20. [试题考点]语意关系+连接词辨析。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]空格所在部分为Public Health England are doing nothing to ensure ________ 2017 salt targets are met,大意是“英国公共卫生署没有采取任何措施来确保________实现2017年的减盐目标。”这里考查的是主从复合句的结构分析和关系词的选择。从句子结构上来看, ensure后面接宾语从句,而宾语从句的主语是2017 salt targets,谓语是are met。这是一个完整的句子,不需要其他主语、宾语等成分,因此,此处应该选择一个只起连接作用,不必承担宾语从句中的任何语法成分的连接词,所以选项[D]that符合要求。
[干扰排除]选项[A]what表示具体内容,在宾语从句中需要承担一定的语法成分,不符合原文句子结构。选项[B]which一般不用来引导宾语从句,而且如果引导宾语从句,也是要在从句中充当一定的语法成分。选项[C]this是指示代词,不是连接词,不能用来引导宾语从句。
词汇突破
foodstuff n. 食料;粮食
processed adj. 处理的;加工过的
marshmallow n. 棉花糖
sodium n. [化学]钠,钠元素
cardiovascular adj. [解剖学]心血管的
句式分析
① Doctors and scientists discovered that Galaxy Ultimate Marshmallow Hot Chocolate is saltier than seawater—and that a single serving has more salt than a packet of crisps.
[分析]本句的主干部分为Doctors and scientists discovered that...and that...,是一个主从复合句。宾语从句是由and连接的并列句,由that引导。破折号后面的内容是对前面概括性句子的进一步解释说明,作用是举例,作为对第一个宾语从句的补充说明。第一个宾语从句中出现了比较结构:...Chocolate is saltier than seawater。第二个宾语从句中的a single serving指的是第一个宾语从句中提到的一份热巧克力的量。
② Looking at a shopping basket of everyday food items, researchers found for every high-salt option, healthier low sodium alternatives were available.
[分析]本句的主干部分为..., researchers found...。这是一个主从复合句。Looking at...items部分是现在分词短语,作整个句子的状语,主句researchers found...后面是一个省略了连接词that的宾语从句。
全文翻译
调查发现,面包是能达到食盐摄入目标的唯一食品。研究显示,面包卷是唯一可能达成2017年减盐目标的加工食品。食品行业将无法达成几乎每一个旨在减少加工食品中“隐藏的杀手”的含量的目标。
2017年的目标是,至本年末,每100克食品的含盐量不超过1.13克。一项由盐分与健康共识行动组织(简称Cash)开展的调查发现,唯一可能勉强达到这个标准的是“面包类食品”。在研究了共28种加工食品后,研究人员无法找到近乎达到这个标准的任何其他食品。医生和科学家们发现,“银河终极棉花糖”热巧克力比海水含盐量高——而且一份热巧克力的含盐量比一包薯片所含的盐分还要多。
公共卫生责任协议是政府在2011年设立的,目的是鼓励制造商自我监管。2017年的减盐目标是在2014年设定的,盐分与健康共识行动组织同意通过记录英国商店和超市里常见食品的含盐量来监管该计划的实行。这些建议旨在让消费者每天最多吃6克盐。高盐饮食与高血压、心脏病和中风有关。健康宣传人士呼吁公共卫生官员尽快制定2020年的新目标,并推动食品公司完成今年的建议减盐目标。
研究人员研究了一购物篮的日常食品,他们发现,每一种高盐食品都有更健康的低钠替代食品。在比较两组食品时,他们发现一组有益健康的食品和一组含盐量高的食品之间在含盐量上有57克的差别。
伦敦大学玛丽女王学院心血管医学教授格雷厄姆·麦格雷戈将这些发现称为“国家丑闻”。他补充道:“英国在减少盐摄入量方面居世界领先地位,但英国公共卫生署没有采取任何措施来确保实现2017年的减盐目标。”
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文源于2017年1月25日路透社发布的一篇文章。原文标题为Parenting Help for Dads Tied to Better School Readiness for Kids(《教养有方能帮到父亲,还能帮助孩子更好地做好入学准备》)。
[文章大意]本文讨论了父亲与孩子一起阅读可以提高孩子的学习能力以及改善他们的行为表现的问题。研究发现,父亲与孩子一起阅读既可以帮助父亲获得更好的育儿方法,又可以提高孩子在行为、语言、心理等方面的能力。虽然研究项目具有局限性,如:规模小,无后续跟进研究数据,只针对幼童,不适合年龄较大的孩子,但是研究的发现和结果仍然具有重要的指导意义。
[篇章结构]
试题透析
21. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]题目问阅读项目的目的是什么。首段指出,一项小型研究发现,一项旨在帮助男性成为更好的父亲的阅读项目可以使父亲掌握更好的育儿技能,还能改善孩子的行为表现和提高他们的学习能力。根据原文中的关键信息designed to help men become better fathers可以确定选项[B]“为了提高父亲的育儿技能,使其成为更好的父亲”符合原文的说法,故为正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]意为“为了帮助父母改进照顾孩子的方法”,原文中的阅读项目重点是帮助男士成为更好的父亲,帮助对象不包括母亲,该选项的表述扩大化了。“帮助孩子们改善行为和提高学习技能”是阅读项目产生的影响,而不是目的,所以选项[C]不正确。选项[D]“为了建立育儿和学习技能之间的关联性”与原文内容不符。
22. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]题目问纽约市的启蒙计划中心针对什么开展研究项目。根据题干关键信息Head Start centers in New York City定位到原文第二段第一句:研究人员将注意力集中在纽约市的启蒙计划中心,该中心的项目旨在提高5岁以下儿童的入学准备能力。选项[A]“帮助幼童为入学做好充分准备”的说法与原文相符。
[干扰排除]原文第二段第二句指出,研究人员随机分配了126个家庭,其中有一些可以参加一个有8周课程的以阅读为基础的亲子项目,由此可见选项[B]“为父母提供一个基于阅读的亲子项目”是项目的具体实施过程,而不是项目的宗旨或目的。选项[C]“让父亲们等待参加一个基于阅读的亲子项目”,原文第二段第二句最后部分提到,参加研究的部分家庭可能会加入一个由等待参加亲子项目的人组成的实验对照小组,这与题意不符。选项[D]“促进孩子们的心理成长和语言发展”是研究项目产生的影响,也不是其目的或宗旨。
23. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]题目问参加亲子项目的父亲们做了以下哪件事情。原文在第三段详细介绍了参加亲子项目的父亲们所做的事,比如:观看展示爸爸们和孩子们一起阅读并犯了夸张错误的视频;讨论更好的育儿方法,并在家里运用这些策略和自己的儿女一起阅读;建立一致的常规,并花时间与孩子们一起做孩子们选择做的事情。因此选项[B]“讨论更好的育儿方法并运用这些策略”符合原文描述,为本题的正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“观看展示父母读书和犯错的视频”,原文是说他们先观看展示爸爸们和孩子们一起阅读的视频,而不是观看展示父母读书的视频。选项[C]“花时间做自己决定的事情”,原文是说他们花时间与孩子们一起做孩子们选择做的事情,而不是他们做自己决定的事情。选项[D]“批评孩子做错事或行为不端”,该项目鼓励爸爸们表扬和奖励孩子,而不是批评孩子。所以这三项都不是参加亲子项目的父亲们所做的事,均排除。
24. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]题目问和父亲参加亲子项目的孩子们在什么方面取得了比较大的进步。根据题干关键词Children with fathers in the parenting program和made greater progress定位到第四段。原文指出,和父亲参加亲子项目的孩子们在行为和语言发展方面明显要比其他孩子的进步大得多。因此选项[A]“语言和行为技能”符合题意。
[干扰排除]选项[B]“心理和认知技能”,原文第四段提到亲子项目促进了孩子们的心理成长,第六段提到与孩子一起阅读能促进他们的认知发展,但并没有指出孩子的心理和认知发展取得了比较大的进步。选项[C]“社会和情感方面的技能”,原文最后一段最后一句提到,为培养这些社会情感性的技能,父亲和孩子一起阅读的经历至关重要。这是其他人对此项目的评论中提到的内容,不是说该项目与这些技能的提升有直接的关联。选项[D]“阅读和学习的技能”,根据文章内容,孩子这两个方面的技能是有所提高,但没有明确提示这两种技能有较大的进步或提高。
25. [试题类型]主旨大意题。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]题目问这篇文章的主题是什么。文章第一段就指出了文章探讨的核心内容:一个旨在帮助男性成为更好的父亲的阅读项目可以使父亲掌握更好的育儿技能,还能改善孩子的行为表现和提高孩子的学习能力。后面各个段落是对这个项目的目的、具体实施过程、结果与发现、局限与评论的详细分析和说明。因此选项[C]“与父亲一起阅读似乎可以改善孩子的行为和提高孩子的学习能力”最能概括全文主旨大意。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“共享阅读项目促进孩子认知能力的发展”,这是原文最后一段中儿科研究员卡罗琳·基斯汀对此项目发表的评论。选项[B]“基于阅读的亲子项目能同时帮到父亲和母亲”,与项目的研究对象不一致,也不能概括全文的主旨大意。选项[D]“项目中使用的阅读方法可能对所有的孩子都有效”,与倒数第二段中介绍项目弊端和局限性的信息相反,而且也不能概括全文的主旨。原文指出,该研究的主要作者阿尼尔·查科说,该项目中使用的阅读方法可能对幼童很有效,但对年龄较大的孩子没有效果。
词汇突破
parenting n. 父母对子女的养育;教养;做……的父亲或母亲
discipline n. 纪律;惩戒,惩罚
pediatrics n. 小儿科,儿科学
cognitive adj. 认知的,认识的
句式分析
① Children with fathers in the program had significantly bigger improvements in behavior and language development during the study period than the other children, researchers report in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.
[分析]本句的主干部分为主语+谓语+宾语从句,Children with fathers in the program had significantly bigger improvements in behavior and language development during the study period than the other children为宾语从句部分,在宾语从句中主干部分为Children...had...bigger improvements...than the other children。这里面包含一个bigger...than...比较结构,the other children后面承前省略了谓语did,与前面的had对应。
② When researchers observed how dads' interactions changed after the program, they found that fathers made fewer critical statements to their children and used more positive parenting behaviors such as praise and affection.
[分析]本句的主干部分为they found that...。这是一个主谓宾结构,句子中when引导时间状语从句,状语从句的主干部分是researchers observed...,其后的how引导宾语从句,作observed的宾语。主句中that引导宾语从句,作谓语found的宾语。
③ Still, the study suggests that approaches previously tested to help mothers improve parenting can also help fathers, said Caroline Kistin, a pediatrics researcher at Boston University who wasn't involved in the study.
[分析]本句的主干部分为said Caroline Kistin,是主谓倒装。第一个逗号前的部分是省略that的宾语从句,作said的宾语,该从句的主干部分为...the study suggests that...,这是一个主谓宾结构,其中又包含一个that引导的宾语从句,该宾语从句的主干部分是approaches...can also help fathers,其中tested是过去分词用作后置定语,修饰其前面的approaches。a pediatrics researcher...是Caroline Kistin的同位语,在这个同位语中又包含一个由who引导的限定性定语从句,修饰先行词researcher。
全文翻译
一项小型研究发现,一个旨在帮助男性成为更好的父亲的阅读项目可以使父亲掌握更好的育儿技能,还能改善孩子的行为表现和提高他们的学习能力。
研究人员将注意力集中在纽约市的启蒙计划中心,该中心开展的项目旨在提高5岁以下儿童的入学准备能力。研究人员随机分配了126个家庭,他们要么参加一个有8周课程的以阅读为基础的亲子项目,要么加入一个由等待参加该项目的人组成的实验对照小组。
参加育儿项目的父亲们观看了展示爸爸们和孩子们一起阅读并犯了夸张错误的视频。这些父亲们讨论了更好的亲子方法,并被鼓励在家里运用这些策略和自己的儿女一起阅读。在其他方面,该项目试图提高父亲们的一些育儿技能,比如建立一致的常规,并花时间与孩子一起做孩子们选择做的事情。该项目还鼓励爸爸们运用表扬和奖励来促进孩子的良好行为,并通过分散注意力或减轻关注度来阻止孩子的消极行为。
研究人员在《临床儿童与青少年心理学杂志》上发表的报告称,在研究过程中,和父亲参加亲子项目的孩子在行为和语言发展方面的进步明显比其他孩子要大得多。参加亲子项目的父亲们也说,在研究结束时,他们改善了对孩子的管束方法,并促进了孩子们的心理成长。当研究人员观察亲子项目结束后父亲们的互动发生了怎样的变化时,他们发现父亲们对孩子们的批评越来越少,并表现出更多积极的育儿行为,如对孩子表示赞美和喜爱。
该报告的作者们指出,除了规模小以外,这项研究还有一个局限,就是缺乏观察这个项目是否有持久效果的后续数据。纽约大学的心理学研究员、该研究的主要作者阿尼尔·查科说,该项目中使用的阅读方法可能对学龄前儿童很有效,但对年龄较大的孩子没有效果。
没有参与这项研究的波士顿大学儿科研究员卡罗琳·基斯汀指出,尽管如此,这项研究表明,以前被测试过的用于帮助母亲们提高育儿技能的方法也可以帮到父亲们。基斯汀在电子邮件中提到:“与孩子一起阅读能促进他们的认知发展,但可能更重要的是能帮助孩子培养注意力和合作能力。为了培养这些社会情感性的技能,一起阅读的经历——坐在一起,指指图片,建立书与日常生活之间的联系——至关重要。”
Text 2
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文源于2011年9月17日的《经济学人》(The Economist)。原文标题为Autoficial Intelligence—Where Does the Car End and the Phone Begin?(《自动化智能——(传统)汽车将在何处终结,而(智能)手机会在哪里开始?》)。
[文章大意]本文讨论了自动化智能技术和智能手机在无人驾驶汽车上的使用。无人驾驶汽车已成为现实,未来汽车将不再需要司机,未来的汽车将更像是带车轮的电脑,可以与周围的基础设施以及其他汽车联网。无人驾驶汽车会给出租车司机带来威胁,但出租车司机对此不以为然。在经济不景气的当下,诸多汽车制造商疯狂创新,利用互联网和自动化智能技术提供各种汽车服务。
[篇章结构]
试题透析
26. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]题目问第一段提到的无人驾驶汽车由谁操作。原文第一段指出,莎伦(一款汽车名称)可以自动停车。智能手机发出一个信号,微型计算机系统随即开启她的发动机、变速箱和方向盘——而后她就自己顺利倒入停车位。因为汽车的行驶主要是对发动机、变速器和方向盘的操作,所以选项[C]“微型计算机系统”是正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“人类司机”与原文和题干不符,原文和题干都提到了无人驾驶汽车,即不需要人类司机驾驶的汽车。选项[B]“某些汽车制造商”,汽车制造商是生产无人驾驶汽车的,而不是操控无人驾驶汽车的。选项[D]“一些远程遥感器”也不符合原文说法,原文提到车上的感应器能避免汽车撞到其他车辆或行人。这里说的感应器不一定是远程遥感器,而且感应器的作用也不是操作无人驾驶汽车。
27. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]题目问哪个选项的说法正确。将各选项逐一对照原文,选项[A]“莎伦是大众汽车公司生产的一款无人驾驶汽车”符合原文信息。原文第一段就指出,莎伦(SHARON)是一款可以自动停车的无人驾驶汽车,而且指出它是由大众汽车公司生产的。
[干扰排除]选项[B]“奥迪是一家关注启动车轮的计算机的汽车制造商”,文章中没有提及。选项[C]“法拉利458蜘蛛型敞篷跑车是一辆四座四驱跑车”,不符合原文内容。原文最后一段指出,9月13日首发的这款法拉利跑车让许多“垂涎已久”的人只能报以叹息。它旁边是法拉利首款四座四驱跑车。可见这是两辆不同款式的汽车。选项[D]“大众公司的新型电动通勤车跑不快”,原文最后一段最后一句提到,大众汽车公司的新型单座电动通勤车看起来非常像上世纪50年代的赛车,但没有提及这种车跑得快与否。
28. [试题类型]观点态度题。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]题目问法兰克福的一些出租车司机对无人驾驶汽车的态度。原文第三段明确指出,法兰克福的出租车司机对此持怀疑态度。选项[D]“可疑的,怀疑的,半信半疑的”符合本段的说法。原文中的sceptical和选项中的dubious同义。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“积极的,肯定的”、选项[B]“漠不关心的,冷漠的,淡然的”和选项[C]“可笑的,荒谬的”均与出租车司机的态度不符。
29. [试题类型]推理判断题。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]题目问从第四段可以得出什么结论。该段首句指出,在经济不景气的当下,诸多汽车制造商疯狂创新。下文即通过举例和介绍各种创新手段来展开段落主题要点。选项[C]意为“在经济困难时期,汽车制造商采取各种创新手段来吸引消费者”,与原文表述相符。
[干扰排除]选项[A]意为“汽车制造商研发新的软件来给顾客提供移动服务”。原文指出,有些汽车制造商将自己重新定位为“移动服务提供商”。这就意味着兜售车用软件和其他附属产品。汽车制造商是兜售车用软件,而不是研发软件,选项[A]与原文不符。选项[B]“汽车生产商向汽车用户推销其停车和加油的优先权”,这在原文中也只是举例论证的具体细节,不是本段落的结论。选项[D]“汽车制造商通过使城市中年轻的车主在车里感到自在无比来吸引他们”。原文指出,有一款软件可以根据个人品位迅速切换电台频道或其他设置,使年轻的城市人在任何车辆中都感到自在无比。这也是举例论证的具体细节,不能作为结论。
30. [试题考点]主旨大意题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]文章从第一段开始就指出未来汽车将不再需要司机,然后又引用具体实例来详细说明无人驾驶汽车已经成为现实。而第二段一开始通过提问的方式再一次突出文章的主题“(传统)汽车将在何处终结,而(智能)手机会在哪里开始?”接下来作者指出无人驾驶汽车以智能手机、互联网技术及各种计算机软件为支撑,无人驾驶汽车对出租车司机的影响,各个汽车制造商如何创新服务来吸引消费者。最后文章指出人们对汽车各种性能尤其是速度的追求。因此选项[B]“自动化智能——(传统)汽车将在何处终结,而(智能)手机会在哪里开始?”最能概括全文主旨大意。
[干扰排除]选项[A]意为“未来汽车是什么样子——是昙花一现吗?”侧重点在未来汽车的变化是否转瞬即逝。选项[C]意为“智能手机能使你的汽车像人类司机一样有智慧吗?”强调智能手机在汽车驾驶方面的作用。选项[D]意为“未来的无人自驾汽车是福还是祸?”侧重点在未来无人驾驶汽车的利与弊。这三项均与文章讨论的主要内容不符。
词汇突破
reverse v. 倒退;颠倒;倒转
infrastructure n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造
annotated adj. 有注释的,有注解的
whizzing adj. 嗖嗖地掠过的;旋离的
cabby n. 出租车司机,计程车司机
sceptical adj. 怀疑的;怀疑论的;习惯怀疑的
scoff v. 嘲笑,嘲弄
recast v. 重铸,彻底改动
hawk v. 兜售,沿街叫卖
mundane adj. 世俗的,平凡的;普通的
guzzle v. 狂饮,暴食,狼吞虎咽
covetous adj. 贪婪的,妄图占有的
句式分析
① At a signal from a smartphone, a system of tiny computers activates her engine, gearbox and steering—and she reverses smoothly into a parking space.
[分析]本句的主干部分为..., a system of tiny computers activates her engine...and she reverses...。这是一个并列句,前一个分句是主谓宾结构,宾语由三个名词engine, gearbox和steering组成,第二个分句是主谓结构。句中her和she均用来指代SHARON这辆无人驾驶汽车,这里使用了拟人的修辞方法。
② Even if it comes with a steering wheel, the“driver” will have the Knight-Rider-esque option of being piloted while he video-conferences, answers e-mails or looks on a screen at an annotated view of the world whizzing by.
[分析]本句的主干部分为..., the“driver” will have the Knight-Rider-esque option...,这是一个主谓宾结构。句中even if引导让步状语从句,后面的while引导时间状语从句。第一个状语从句中的it指代的是上文中提到的无人驾驶汽车,driver加引号表明司机并不真正驾驶汽车,第二个状语从句中的he指代的是driver。
全文翻译
未来汽车将不再需要司机。真是遗憾。莎伦(一款汽车名称)可以自动停车。智能手机发出一个信号,微型计算机系统随即开启她的发动机、变速箱和方向盘——而后她就自己顺利倒入停车位。车上的感应器能避免她撞到其他车辆或行人。无人驾驶汽车,如大众夏朗(绰号“莎伦”),已经不再是遥不可及的梦想。在本周的法兰克福车展上,许多人不仅问及未来汽车将以何物为能源,还问及它们将由谁或什么来驾驶。
“(传统)汽车将在何处终结,而(智能)手机会在哪里开始?”在汽车制造商奥迪组织的一次头脑风暴会议上,《连线》杂志的编辑克里斯·安德森这样问道。未来汽车将更像是带车轮的电脑,可以与周围的基础设施以及其他汽车联网。即便是有方向盘,“司机”也可以选择使用“霹雳游侠”的智能跑车那样的无人驾驶模式,在车内能开视频会议,回复电子邮件,或是在显示屏上看着路边的景色呼啸而过,同时还能听到路况讲解。
这对那些把车停在车展场地外面的出租车司机的威胁显而易见。但法兰克福的出租车司机对此持怀疑态度。无人驾驶的出租车?一名出租车司机说,这在我的有生之年是不可能的。另一名出租车司机嘲笑道:“这是科幻小说里的吧。”
在经济不景气的当下,诸多汽车制造商疯狂创新。有些将自己重新定位为“移动服务提供商”。这就意味着兜售车用软件和其他附属产品。例如,对于那些更喜欢租用或共享汽车的人来说——年轻的城市人就越来越多地租车或拼车——有一款软件可以根据个人品位迅速切换电台频道或其他设置,使他们不管在任何车辆中都感到自在无比。一些汽车制造商也通过提供更多的普通服务来吸引顾客,如优先停车权或是低价燃料(不管是汽油、氢能还是电)。还有,为了帮顾客们发泄被压抑的情绪,汽车制造商可能每年会举行一次乘车兜风活动,顾客可以乘坐梦想的大排量高油耗跑车。
即使时光流逝,人们对飞驰的汽车热情依旧不减。因此,9月13日首发的新款法拉利458蜘蛛型敞篷跑车让许多“垂涎已久”的人只能报以叹息。它旁边是法拉利首款四座四驱跑车。“不一样的法拉利,献给不一样的你!”法拉利汽车公司的老板卢卡·迪·蒙特泽莫罗大声说道。即使是拥有狭窄车身和宽轴距的大众新型单座电动通勤车,看起来都非常像上世纪50年代的赛车。
Text 3
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文源于2017年7月6日的《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal)。原文标题为Bid for Worldpay Is $10 Billion Jolt to Payments Business(《对Worldpay公司的竞标是令人吃惊的100亿美元的支付业务》)。
[文章大意]本文讨论了美国金融支付处理公司Vantiv对英国Worldpay公司的并购事宜。文章先概括指出金融支付服务已经从尘土飞扬的银行后台来到了金融活动的前沿,然后详细介绍了Vantiv公司对Worldpay公司的并购预想、原因、影响及其他公司和相关人士对此事的评价及期待。
[篇章结构]
试题透析
31. [试题类型]词义推测题。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]题目问第二段提到的短语a technological headache最有可能的意思是什么。本句上文提到,周三宣布的并购原因很简单:零售商希望能够接受比过去多得多的支付方式,而客户和国际游客越来越希望能够使用他们所希望的任何付款方式。即这个技术难题就是为买卖双方提供他们所希望的各种支付方式。因此,本题的正确答案为选项[D]“如何使用各种付款形式来同时满足卖方和买方的要求”。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“如何不通过充满灰尘的银行后台提供支付服务”和选项[B]“如何在金融活动的最前沿创造不同的支付方式”是对原文第一句的曲解,故排除。原文没有提到记账支付和使用电脑或互联网进行支付的问题,所以选项[C]“在现金支付和记账支付中如何使用电脑和互联网”也应排除。
32. [试题类型]推理判断题。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]题目问Vantiv想收购Worldpay的原因。文章第三段相关内容指出,Vantiv真正追求的不是Worldpay的英国业务,而是这家英国公司的全球电子商务服务。因此可以推断,Vantiv想收购Worldpay的原因不只是因为看重Worldpay的英国业务,还有它的全球电子商务服务业务。因此,选项[C]“Worldpay在国内外的广泛业务”与原文内容相符。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“Worldpay是英国最大的支付公司”在原文没有提及,且也不符合现实。选项[B]“Vantiv有能力在美国掌控在线支付业务”和选项[D]“Vantiv雄心勃勃,想成为电子商务行业的龙头企业”在原文中也都没有体现。
33. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]题目问哪个选项的说法是正确的。第三段最后一句话指出,Vantiv和Worldpay的并购协议只是初步协议。因此选项[D]“Vantiv和Worldpay的协议仍处于准备阶段”与原文内容相符,为正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]意为“从理论上来说,Vantiv和Worldpay在合并上达成了共识。”这是对第一段最后一句话中in principle的误解,这个短语的意思是“大体上,原则上,基本上”,不是“从理论上来说”的意思。选项[B]意为“Vantiv和Worldpay最初都是银行业里的合资企业。”原文第一段最后一句提到“Vantiv以前是美国五三银行和一家私募股权集团共同成立的合资公司”,这里只是说Vantiv以前是合资企业,而并没有提及Worldpay是不是合资企业。选项[C]意为“Worldpay和Vantiv的股东以后将拥有相同的股份和股息。”原文没有提及相关信息。
34. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]题目问,文中提到摩根大通和Ingenico公司是为了表明什么信息。根据题干中的两个公司名称J.P. Morgan和Ingenico可定位到第四段和第五段。第四段第三句指出,Vantiv和摩根大通在周二可能展开竞购战的消息传出后,Worldpay的股价上涨了近30%。第五段第二句提到,2015年,当Worldpay首次在英国股市上市时,它刚刚拒绝了Ingenico的收购意向。因此,这两家公司都有想并购Worldpay的意愿,所以选项[A]“有几个潜在的想竞标并购案的竞争对手”为正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[B]“摩根大通是一个巨头公司,而Ingenico无法与之抗衡”,文章中没有提到。选项[C]“Worldpay将不会接受它们中的任何一个作为合并公司”,文章中只是提到2015年Worldpay拒绝了Ingenico的并购意向,并没有明确提到它拒绝摩根大通的并购,相反,是摩根大通不打算出价并购Worldpay。选项[D]“摩根大通和Ingenico对Worldpay的股价有很大影响”,原文提到摩根大通是否决定并购Worldpay影响了Worldpay的股价,并没有提到Ingenico对Worldpay的股价有什么影响。
35. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]题目问我们可以从最后一段了解到什么信息。原文最后一段首句指出,由于零售商和消费者希望能够在任何地方收钱和花钱,因此支付行业的整合将会继续下去。选项[B]“支付公司合并是一种商业趋势”与原文内容相符。选项里的coalition对应原文中的consolidation。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“Ingenico是Vantiv的潜在对手”,这两个公司对Worldpay提出并购意向的时间不同, Ingenico是在2015年,事情已经过去;而Vantiv是在2017年,事情正在发生。因此不能得出选项[A]的结论,同样也可以排除选项[C]“还有一家法国企业打算收购Worldpay”。选项[D]“Worldpay的股东对合并持乐观态度”,原文最后一段最后一句提到Worldpay的投资者采取的是拭目以待的态度,并没有明确指出他们对Vantiv的收购持积极乐观的态度。
词汇突破
consolidation n. 合并,并购;巩固
equity n. 普通股;抵押资产的净值
depreciation n. 折旧;贬值
amortization n. 分期偿还
preliminary adj. 初步的,开始的,预备的
premium n. 溢价,高价
句式分析
① Retailers want to be able to accept payments in many more forms than in the past, while customers and international tourists increasingly expect to be able to use whatever form of payment they wish.
[分析]本句的主干部分为Retailers want to be able to accept payments..., while customers and international tourists increasingly expect to be able to use...。这是一个由while连接的并列结构。第一个分句中出现了一个比较结构more forms than in the past,第二个分句中出现了一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句they wish,用来修饰其前面的先行词form of payment。
② It is the U.K. company's global e-commerce offering, which focuses on serving online businesses and provides 46% of Worldpay's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
[分析]本句的主干部分为It is the U.K. company's global e-commerce offering, which...。主句与上句But it isn't the U.K. business that Vantiv is really after的句子结构一致,承前省略了that Vantiv is really after,正常句子内容应为It is the U.K. company's global e-commerce offering that Vantiv is really after。句中which引导非限定性定语从句,用来修饰global e-commerce offering。
全文翻译
拟议中的价值100亿美元的跨国并购业务说明了支付服务如何从尘土飞扬的银行后台来到了金融活动的前沿。Worldpay公司曾是英国苏格兰皇家银行的内部金融业务子公司,已经基本上同意了Vantiv公司的现金及股份的收购提议,Vantiv以前是美国五三银行和一家私募股权集团共同成立的合资公司。
周三宣布的并购原因很简单:零售商希望能够接受比过去多得多的支付方式,而客户和国际游客越来越希望能够使用他们所希望的任何付款方式。这是一项技术难题,支付公司为解决此问题一直在大量投入资金。
根据行业研究公司尼尔森报告公司的说法,Vantiv已经是美国信用卡交易的主要处理机构,领先于第一资讯公司。Worldpay是英国的主要金融处理机构。但Vantiv真正追求的不是它的英国业务:而是这家英国公司的全球电子商务服务,它专注于服务在线业务,并为Worldpay提供46%的利息、税收、折旧和摊销前利润。Vantiv和Worldpay的并购协议只是初步协议。
关于可能会节约多少成本,还没有相关的细节披露,两家公司都发出通知,最终可能不会做出正式报价。FactSet公司的数据显示,在出价敲定之前的三个月里,Worldpay的股价将平均溢价约20%。然而,Vantiv和摩根大通在周二可能展开竞购战的消息传出后,Worldpay的股价上涨了近30%。周三,摩根大通说,它不打算出价,因此Worldpay损失了之前因股价上涨所得收益的一半。周三上午美国股市早盘的晚些时候,Worldpay的股票交易价仅比Vantiv的可能出价低0.5%。
由于零售商和消费者希望能够在任何地方收钱和花钱,因此支付行业的整合将会继续下去。2015年,当Worldpay首次在英国股市上市时,它刚刚拒绝了一家经营支付业务的法国集团公司Ingenico的收购意向。另一家支付公司可能也曾被吸引而以有竞争力的价格参与竞标。关于Vantiv实际承诺的收购细节,Worldpay的投资者拭目以待。
Text 4
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文源于2017年6月8日的《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic)。原文标题为The End of Forgetting(《遗忘的终结》)。
[文章大意]本文讨论了在现代高科技社会中人们怀旧的问题。以前人们认为怀旧就是回忆过去,是对过去时光的回想,人们利用相机拍照来保存过去的记忆。但是随着科技的发展,人们的怀旧原因和怀旧的方式发生了彻底的变化。人们不仅可以回忆过去,甚至可以通过各种应用程序、网站和社交媒体使自己置身于过去。但这类怀旧方式的影响及其未来人们仍无法有明确的判断。
[篇章结构]
试题透析
36. [试题类型]推理判断题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]题目问文章第二段中提及柯达相机是为了说明什么,即文中举这个例子的目的。第二段第一句话指出,人们的怀旧方式在1888年经历了一次特别重大的蜕变,当时柯达公司向业余摄影爱好者公开发售了第一款成功的商用相机。即相机的发明彻底改变了人们回忆过去的方式。选项[B]“表明科技曾经彻底改变了人们回忆过去的方式”是对此的概括描述,因此是正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“表明其首次的商业成功”曲解了文意,文章表达的是柯达向业余爱好者推出的首款相机取得了商业成功。选项[C]“介绍一款用于记录子女成长瞬间和家庭庆祝活动的工具”,这是相机上市不久后广告对于它的宣传,而不是作者举这个例子的目的。选项[D]“说明怀旧指对过去时光充满伤感的思念”,这是解释说明怀旧的概念,也并非作者举柯达的例子的目的。
37. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][A]。
[解题思路]题目问人们可以通过什么来听贝尔发明的电话发出的声音。第三段倒数第二句话指出,“濒临消失的声音博物馆”网站播放着贝尔发明的电话的铃声。即人们只要登录这个网站,就可以听到这台电话发出的铃声。选项[A]的说法与此相符,是正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[B]“去博物馆听那些濒临消失的声音”,不符合原文内容,原文中的Museum不是指实体博物馆,而是网站名称。选项[C]“打开收音机,调到正确的声音频道”,原文没有提及。选项[D]“使用怀旧机器,重新播放它发出的声音”,与原文内容不符。原文提到怀旧机器时是说怀旧机器网站播放某一年的歌曲,而不是播放贝尔发明的电话的铃声。
38. [试题类型]具体信息题。 [正确选项][B]。
[解题思路]题目问心理学家认为回忆过去会有什么影响。根据题干关键词psychologists定位到第四段第二句。本句提到,心理学家认为怀旧对于寻找生活的意义和对抗孤独至关重要。选项[B]“可以帮助人们对抗孤独”符合原文说法,选项中的solitude与原文中的loneliness是同义替换。
[干扰排除]该句还提到,我们还不知道过度怀旧是否会有负面的影响,甚至能否让人处于极度恶劣的假想处境。所以选项[A]“可能对怀旧的人起不到积极的作用”、选项[C]“让怀旧的人产生消极的情感”和选项[D]“产生不良或可怕的影响”都与原文的表述不符。
39. [试题类型]推理判断题。 [正确选项][D]。
[解题思路]题目问从文章中可以推断出有关科技的什么信息。原文最后一段第一句指出,虽然一些应用程序和网站让我们看到了过去,但其他技术可以更直接地将我们置身于过去。选项[D]“可能直接将人们置于与过去相同的境地”是对该句的同义转述,故为正确答案。
[干扰排除]第一段最后一句提到:虽然技术在不断地朝着未来发展,但也在不断地改变着我们对过去的看法。第三段第一句也说,科技将准备再次彻底改变我们回忆过去的方式。所以选项[A]“不能改变人们对美好过去的向往”与原文不符。选项[B]“可能会产生前所未有的怀旧娱乐方式”与最后一段最后一句的表述不符。选项[C]“会被心理学家控制来发现生命的意义”是对最后一段第二句的曲解。
40. [试题类型]主旨大意题。 [正确选项][C]。
[解题思路]题目问这篇文章的最佳标题。解答此类题需要纵览全文。文章首段引用一个小说人物的话指出,怀旧已经不是过去的样子了,技术在不断改变人们对过去的看法。第二段介绍怀旧的定义和人们怀旧方式的一次蜕变,相机的出现使得人们能够将过去保留在记忆中。第三段指出科技将再次彻底改变我们回忆过去的方式,各种网站和应用程序能让人们获得更多的怀旧方式。第四段介绍这些应用程序和网站及其他技术可以将人更直接地置身于过去,但是过度怀旧的利弊仍然不明了。这些新的怀旧方式的出现都是为了帮助人们避免忘记过去的美好记忆。分析各选项发现,选项[C]“遗忘的终结”对原文进行了比较恰当的总结概括,是正确答案。
[干扰排除]选项[A]“怀旧——一种对消遣的情感渴望”,与第二段第一句不一致,原文中对怀旧的解释是“怀旧通常被定义为对过去时光的充满伤感的思念”,bygone times指过去的时光,而选项[A]中的pastimes的意思是“消遣”。选项[B]“照相机——怀旧的镜头”,只是原文第二段的部分内容,不能用来概括全文主旨。选项[D]“应用程序和互联网——怀旧的终结”,原文反复强调科技并没有终结怀旧,而是通过互联网和应用程序提供了新的怀旧方式。
词汇突破
nostalgia n. 怀旧,怀旧之情;乡愁
metamorphosis n. 变形,变质
spontaneous adj. 自发的;自然的;无意识的
prom n. 毕业舞会
riffle v. 飞快翻阅;迅速洗牌
chime n. 钟声;谐音;和谐
chirp v. 鸟叫;虫鸣;[通信]啁啾
pager n. 寻呼机,呼机
squarely adv. 正好;干脆地,直接地
combat v. 反对;与……战斗,搏斗
dystopian adj. 反面假想国的,反面乌托邦的;使处于极度恶劣处境的
句式分析
① Nostalgia—generally defined as a sentimental longing for bygone times—underwent a particularly significant metamorphosis in 1888, when Kodak released the first commercially successful camera for amateurs.
[分析]本句的主干部分为Nostalgia underwent a...metamorphosis in 1888, when...。主句是一个主谓宾结构。破折号之间的内容是下定义的部分,用来解释说明nostalgia的具体含义,when引导的是一个非限定性定语从句,用来修饰其先行词1888。
② But although psychologists believe nostalgia is crucial for finding meaning in life and for combatting loneliness, we don't yet know whether too much of it will have negative, even dystopian, effects.
[分析]本句的主干部分为But although..., we don't yet know whether...。主句是一个主谓宾结构,宾语是whether引导的从句。整个句子是一个主从复合句,前面although引导的是让步状语从句,从句的主干部分是psychologists believe...,其后的nostalgia is crucial for finding meaning in life and for combatting loneliness是一个省略了关系代词that的宾语从句。
全文翻译
当约书亚叔叔——彼得·德弗里斯在1959年创作的小说《邪恶的帐篷》中的一个角色——说怀旧“已经不是过去的样子了”时,是为了表达幽默的态度:对那些被困在过去的人来说,没有什么能经受住时间的考验,甚至连记忆本身也不能。然而,约书亚叔叔说这些话也是很久远的事了(尽管人们普遍误认为这是约吉·贝拉所说的话):虽然技术在不断地朝着未来发展,但也在不断地改变着我们对过去的看法。
怀旧——通常被定义为对过去时光的充满伤感的思念——在1888年经历了一次特别重大的蜕变,当时柯达公司向业余摄影爱好者公开发售了第一款成功的商用相机。广告很快就把它定位为保存有关孩子和家庭庆祝活动的记忆的必要工具。据《柯达和怀旧镜头》一书的作者南希·玛莎·韦斯特说,相机“允许人们……以这样一种方式来安排生活,他们将痛苦的或令人不快的记忆有计划地抹去。”
科技将准备再次彻底改变我们回忆过去的方式。不久以前,怀旧的诱因大多是自发的:在你回家过节的时候,边听收音机里播放着你毕业舞会的慢舞歌曲,边翻阅相册。今天,多亏了我们的一些设备,我们可以体验需要的怀旧感受。怀旧机器网站播放你“最喜欢的音乐年”的歌曲;另一个应用程序“日晷”重新播放你刚好一年前正在听的歌曲。“时光跳跃”应用程序和Facebook的“就在今日”特色栏目会给你展示很多你之前在某天更新的照片和社交媒体内容。“濒临消失的声音博物馆”网站播放着停产产品的声音(贝尔发明的电话的铃声,欧洲信号传呼机吱吱的叫声)。复古网站上的“忍者”让你重温上世纪90年代的网页。
这仅仅是开始:虽然这些应用程序和网站让我们看到了过去,但其他技术可以更直接地将我们置身于过去。但是,尽管心理学家认为怀旧对于寻找生活的意义和对抗孤独至关重要,我们还不知道过度怀旧是否会有负面影响,甚至能否让人处于极度恶劣的假想处境。随着科技能用前所未有的方式唤醒我们的记忆,我们还会怀念忘却的美好旧时光吗?
Part B
总体评述
[题源揭示]本文节选于2017年7月16日的《今日美国》(USA Today)。原文标题为11 Ways to Manage the Risk of Income Shocks(《应对收入冲击风险的11种方法》)。
[文章大意]本篇文章对于如何应对收入冲击风险提出了一些建议。比如,做好充分准备、预演受到收入冲击的情况、了解自己的特长与技能、建立应急基金、投资各种保险、早存钱、多储蓄等。
解题思路
41. D。本段引用教授特蕾莎·吉拉杜奇的话指出,养老储蓄的最大风险是可能会面临失业期,你不能像你预期的那样工作那么长时间。另外人们还面临着一些“预料中的意外”开支,如大学学费、医疗费用和家庭开支。因此她建议人们应为这些做好准备。由此来看,作者在本段提出的建议应是“做好应对收入冲击的准备”,故选D。本段第二句中有明显的解题线索prepared。该题干扰项为C项Save for retirement“为退休储蓄”,虽然本段提到了养老储蓄,但这只是为了引出本段主题所举的例子,不能概括全段主题。
42. B。本段第一句就是主题句:预演一下,收入中断会是什么样子。后面的内容则用来详细介绍如何预演收入中断的情况。因此本段是提醒读者要有预算,知道如何通过削减开支来应对失业时出现的收入中断。B项Practice income disruptions“预演收入中断的情况”为本段最佳标题。其中practice是原词重现。
43. A。本段开头便指出,评估你所拥有的技能,然后引用贝克的话提出问题:“你能培养出新的技能吗?”由此可以判断,这是建议读者关注自己的技能。因此A项“你擅长的事”能够最好地概括本段大意。解题关键词是skills,与标题What you are good at为同义转换。
44. G。本段主要引用霍普金斯的话,围绕着投保提出建议:虽然保险可能看起来很昂贵,但从长远来看,它可以帮助你避免计划外的意外冲击。他还说,很多研究表明,合理投保的美国人比那些不买保险的人积攒了更多的钱。本段关键词是insurance,主要建议人们要多投各种保险,这样会使人更富足。G项Don't be under-insured“不要保额不足”能够概括本段大意。
45. E。本段首句先介绍了理财规划专家的建议,然后引用贝克说的话指出“应该开设应急储蓄账户”。显然E项Create a rainy-day fund“建立一个应急基金”和本段的主旨最契合,第二句的An emergency savings should be established和E项的说法一致。
全文翻译
没有人认为收入冲击——某些会中断他们收入的事——会发生在他们身上。但来自社会研究新学派的研究发现,由于健康危机、失业或其他生活变动,几乎所有人的工作生涯中都免不了有中断收入的时期。此外,由国家金融教育基金会(NEFE)资助的研究显示,低收入的美国人尤其容易受此影响。事实上,这项研究表明,这不是一个是否会因某事中断收入的问题,而是这种冲击的影响将在何时出现以及影响的严重程度问题。“不幸的是,对大多数美国工人来说,收入冲击是很常见的。”国家金融教育基金会总裁兼首席执行官泰德·贝克如是说。那么,你能做些什么来减轻/应对你的收入被中断的风险呢?
做好应对收入冲击的准备
“有养老储蓄的人应该知道,养老储蓄的最大风险是可能会面临失业期,你不能像你预期的那样工作那么长时间。”加入该新学派的教授特蕾莎·吉拉杜奇这样说道。她还写了报告《付清养老储蓄结欠的决定因素》。考虑到这一点,吉拉杜奇建议人们在经济上为她所说的“预料中的意外”(如大学学费、医疗费用和家庭开支)做好准备。此外,美国金融服务学院副教授杰米·霍普金斯表示,家人的去世也可能颠覆你的计划。
预演收入中断的情况
贝克说:“预演一下,收入中断会是什么样子。做一份正常的预算,同时也做一份保证基本生活需求的预算。这样的话,即使你失去了工作,你也早已有了如何灵活削减开支的想法。要知道,对于那些有不止一份工作和靠薪水勉强度日的人来说,这是很困难的。这不是一个普遍适用于‘各阶层'的问题。”
你擅长的事
贝克说,评估你所拥有的技能,因为如果收入中断,你可能需要额外寻找工作。“你能培养出新的技能吗?”他问道。“不要坐在那里等着成为收入中断的受害者。”
不要保额不足
霍普金斯说,虽然保险可能看起来很昂贵,但从长远来看,它可以帮助你避免计划外的意外冲击。他说:“这意味着要给你的家庭和汽车购买合适的医疗保险、伤残保险、人寿保险、财产保险和人身意外保险。一项又一项的研究表明,合理投保的美国人比那些放弃支付昂贵的保险金的人一生中积攒了更多的钱。”
建立一个应急基金
理财规划专家建议,至少留出6到9个月的生活费,把这些钱投入到一个既能保本又有浮动收益的货币市场账户中。贝克说:“应该开设应急储蓄账户,这样你就不必考虑动用你的养老储蓄了。动用你的401(k)账户应该是你最后的选择。”[编者注: 401(k)计划是美国作为“雇员福利”项目之一的养老金计划。]
尽早储蓄,经常储蓄
“对于储蓄者来说,时间是你最好的朋友。”霍普金斯说。“这意味着尽早开始储蓄。同时,要智慧地储蓄。这意味着利用公司的退休计划,但也不要忘记个人退休账户。如果你没有雇员退休计划,你就需要存更多的钱,比如使用个人退休账户来储蓄。”也要考虑一下收入中断可能对你的退休造成的不利影响。贝克说:“根据收入中断的严重程度或持续时间,你会发现自己的退休进程会受到严重阻碍。”
Section III Translation
总体评述
[文章概述]本文节选于2017年7月16日的《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)。原文标题为A Promising Decline in Teen Smoking(《青少年吸烟人数有望下降》)。文章讨论了美国青少年吸烟人数下降及可能的原因。美国青少年吸烟问题很严重,是导致可预防死亡的主要原因。而近几年青少年吸烟率有所下降,可能是因为政府出台了各种戒烟政策。
难句分析
1. [原文再现] With these statistics in mind, the recent decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working.
[结构分析]本句的主干结构为the recent decline...is an encouraging signal that...。这是一个主系表结构,句中出现了一个由that引导的限定性定语从句,用来修饰其先行词signal。
[译点分析]
(1) With these statistics in mind:为介词短语,意思是“考虑到这些统计数据”,作状语。
(2) in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use:“介词in+名词短语”构成后置定语,修饰前面的decline,表示在什么方面的下降。这部分的意思是:青少年烟草和电子烟的消费量下降。
(3) that interventions may be working:这是一个限定性定语从句,用来修饰其先行词signal。 intervention的意思是“干涉,干预”, may be working的意思是“发挥作用,取得效果”。
[参考译文]考虑到这些统计数据,最近青少年烟草和电子烟的消费量下降是一个令人鼓舞的信号,表明(政府)干预可能正在起作用。
2. [原文再现] It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products.
[结构分析]本句的主干结构为It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of...policies designed to..., such as...。这是一个并列句,两个分句由并列连词but连接,第一个分句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语to determine causation。
[译点分析]
(1) designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco:这是一个过去分词短语,用作后置定语,修饰其前面的名词policies。dissuade sb. from doing sth.是固定短语,意思是“劝某人放弃做某事,劝某人不要做某事”,这里指制定各种政策的目的是为了劝年轻人不要吸烟。
(2) such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances:此处的such as用于列举具体的policies,其后的两个动名词短语increasing tobacco taxes和expanding antismoking ordinances作具体实例,即“提高烟草税”和“扩大禁烟法令的实施范围”。此处ordinance的意思是“法令,条例”。
(3) to include e-cigarettes and other new products:这是一个不定式短语,表明ordinances的覆盖范围,指“包括电子烟和其他烟草新产品”。
[参考译文]虽然很难确定因果关系,但专家认为消费量下降是由于实施了一系列旨在劝阻年轻人使用烟草的联邦、州和地方政策,例如提高烟草税和扩大禁烟法令的实施范围,包括电子烟和其他烟草新产品。
全文翻译
长期以来,青少年吸烟一直是最严重的公共健康问题之一。在美国,吸烟是导致可预防性死亡的主要原因,而10个美国烟民中有9个在18岁之前就开始吸烟。尽管抑制青少年吸烟的政策在一段时间内颇有成效,但在2011年至2015年期间,青少年吸烟率仍然没有下降的趋势。在此期间,高中生使用电子烟的比例惊人地上升了9倍。
考虑到这些统计数据,最近青少年烟草和电子烟的消费量下降是一个令人鼓舞的信号,表明(政府)干预可能正在起作用。虽然很难确定因果关系,但专家认为消费量下降是由于实施了一系列旨在劝阻年轻人使用烟草的联邦、州和地方政策,例如提高烟草税和扩大禁烟法令的实施范围,包括电子烟和其他烟草新产品。
Section IV Writing
Part A
优秀范文
Dear John,
I am extremely happy to know that you have been admitted to the prestigious Harvard Business School, where you always want to get your MBA. Heartiest congratulations from my side on this achievement.
Words cannot describe how badly I will be missing you here in hometown. I have no doubt that your wisdom and hardworking will lead you to a rewarding period of learning and a promising career.
Always be in touch and meet me whenever you come back home during vacations. I will be always waiting to hear from you.
Best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
Part B
审题谋篇
图表是关于五个温室气体排放量最多的国家中不同年龄组的人对限制温室气体排放的支持率统计,可以看到五个国家中支持率最高的是18~29岁的年轻人,而各国50岁及以上的年长者较年轻人的支持率均有10%左右甚至25%的下降。文章可以重点分析这种差异产生的原因。
本文的结构可以这样组织:第一段,描述图表各年龄段群体的支持率,只描述最主要的群体。第二段,分析主要群体的支持率出现差异的成因。第三段,总结原因,预测未来各群体支持率的变化。
主题词汇
年龄差异 age differences
年龄组/年龄段 age group
占……比例 take up; occupy
意见一致的 unanimous
范文点评
This chart clearly shows that among five top polluters there are age differences in views on curbing greenhouse gas emissions. There is a substantial generation gap in US, where the number is 25%: 85% of young Americans back government curbs on global warming pollutants, while 60% of older Americans hold the same opinion. In Poland 71% of younger Poles are more likely to support cutting emissions whereas 57% of older Poles have the same idea. 95% of French aged 18 to 29 are almost unanimous in favoring the limitation of emissions, while 16% of French aged 50 and older are less enthusiastic. In India and Australia, it is still the younger people (74% of Indians and 84% of Australians) who are more supportive of curtailing the burning of petroleum and natural gas than their elders (64% of Indians and 75% of Australians).
Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned phenomenon may be summarized as follows. First of all, younger people are generally better educated than older generations. The former are more aware of the importance of a healthful environment, but older people may find it more difficult to learn that environmental conservation outweighs economic development. What's more, that younger people travel more broadly than the elderly does help them to realize what a beautiful world we will live in if we curb emissions effectively. Last but not the least, youngsters are skillful in using the Internet which promotes effectively the limitation of emissions, while older people cannot get access to the Internet readily.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that this phenomenon has much to do with people's education level, life style and people's awareness of environmental conservation. With time going by, more people will understand the importance of curbing greenhouse gas emissions regardless of age group.
参考译文
这张图表清楚地表明,在五个最大的污染国中,对控制温室气体排放的看法存在年龄差异。85%的美国年轻人支持政府限制排放导致全球变暖的污染物,而年长的美国人的支持率为60%,两个群体的支持率相差25%,差距显著。在波兰, 71%的年轻人更有可能支持减排,而有同样想法的年长波兰人占57%。18~29岁的法国人几乎一致(95%)赞成限制排放,而50岁及以上的法国人中,则有16%对此显得没有那么热情。在印度和澳大利亚,仍然是年轻人(74%的印度年轻人和84%的澳大利亚年轻人)比他们的长辈(64%的印度年长者和75%的澳大利亚年长者)更支持减少石油和天然气的燃烧。
产生上述现象的一些推动因素可以概括如下。首先,年轻人通常比老一辈的人受教育程度更高。年轻人更了解健康环境的重要性,但老年人可能会更难意识到环境保护比经济发展更重要。其次,年轻人比老年人旅行的范围更广,这的确有助于让年轻人认识到,如果我们有效地遏制排放,我们生活的世界将会变得多么美好。最后但同样重要的是,年轻人能熟练使用互联网,互联网可以有效地宣传限制排放,而老年人无法轻易地使用互联网。
综上所述,我们可以放心地得出结论:这一现象与人们的教育水平、生活方式以及环境保护意识有很大的关系。随着时间的推移,越来越多的人会理解控制温室气体排放的重要性,不论老少。