泰国曼谷米特大厦

地点：泰国曼谷沙通南路125号

设计公司：WHOA建筑事务所

占地面积：11360.50m2

建筑面积：112833.523m2

高度：230.56m

层数：66

摄影师：帕特里克·宾汉-哈尔

High-rise designs have traditionally followed temperate models, which were developed in New York or Chicago with cold weather and strong winds. This resulted in apartments that are compact, insulated from the exterior and without sun shading or overhangs. Buildings are protective shells designed to shield the inhabitants from the harsh weather.

By contrast, design for the tropics should take advantage of year-round warm weather, capture breezes, and be laid out for cross-ventilation, incorporating outdoor spaces, verandahs and gardens. Buildings are framing minimal environmental devices for an indoor-outdoor lifestyle.

The designed façade introduces views to both the city and the river, and enhance the gentle breezes by funneling them between towers. The gaps between the towers are bridged with sky gardens that provide exterior entertaining areas directly off living areas - pools and gardens. The orientation of the staggered blocks allows the sun to daily penetrate between the blocks on its regular tropical sun-path.

The design is inspired by Thai forms - thai tiles, textiles and timber panelling, abstracted and used as a way to organize forms. The cladding, for instance, uses temple tiles as an inspiration, while the staggered arrangement of the balconies recalls the Thai teak staggered panelling on traditional houses.

The solution creates appropriate tropical living at extremely high densities - a plot ratio of 10:1.

Located between two train stations, the development permits higher use of existing infrastructure, and a practical way of dealing with Bangkok's urban sprawl and terrible traffic jams. In Bangkok public transport is used by all sectors of society, as it is often the only way to move through the grid-locked city.

The building is planted on every horizontal surface, creating almost 100% landscape ratio. Additionally, vertical faces are shaded by green creeper screens, rising up the full 66 storeys. Balconies are provided with private planters.

Most tropical high-rise housing in developing countries is designed by consultants from temperate countries replicating cold-climate models. However, in the tropics light winds, year-round balmy weather, constant temperatures and high humidity make outdoor living desirable. In addition, the environmental conditions up high in dense Asian cities are preferable to those near the ground.

To make the most of these opportunities, this project creates cross-ventilated tropical houses in the sky with breezeways, full exposure to light and views, outdoor living areas, planters and high-rise gardens, and open-air communal terraces with barbeques, libraries, spas and other facilities. These sky terraces, both private and public, link the blocks every 5 storeys, creating dramatic yet human-scaled external spaces in the sky.

The design is an innovative solution to the issues of density in tropical Asian cities, and offers a new model for high-density tropical housing. The concept of a naturally ventilated, perforated, indoor-outdoor, green tower is a necessary alternative to the sealed, glazed curtain wall buildings being erected across the tropical regions.

FEATURE 特点分析

Ecology

The project stands for the residential design on high-temperature, high-rise and high-density. Considering ecology and livability, the design incorporates a staggered arrangement of blocks that allow cross ventilation. All apartments are cross ventilated, and all face north and south. The taggered block arrangement gives all apartments access to light and air on all four sides, more privacy, better security, better views, stronger breezes, less noise and less dust.

生态

本项目是高温高层高密度的住宅设计的代表，从生态和宜居等方面思考和创新，采用错开的方块来创造空气对流的环境。所有的公寓都做到南北前后通风，从四面获得充足的光照和空气，拥有更多的安全感与私密感、更好的景色、更强的风、更少的噪声与尘土。

一直以来，高层建筑设计都遵循着由纽约或芝加哥发展而来的温带模式，那些地方风力强、温度低，这导致其公寓设计紧凑，与外界绝缘，没有遮阳或悬臂结构。其建筑成了在恶劣气候下保护住户的外壳。

相反，热带地区全年气候温暖，在建筑设计过程中，设计者应该把这种优势考虑进来，去捕捉微风，让空气对流，加设室外空间、阳台和花园。用最少的环境设备来提供户内外结合的生活方式。

本案独特的立面让住户们既能看到城市，又能看到河流，同时加强微风在大楼之间的流通。各大楼之间用空中花园桥连接，为住户们直接提供外部娱乐生活区——泳池和花园。错开方块的布置使太阳光在其热带行进轨迹上每天都能照射在方块之间。

设计的灵感来源于泰国的各种形式，如泰国的瓷砖、纺织、原木镶板等的形式，它们被抽离出来并组织成建筑的各种形式。例如，覆层的灵感来自寺院里的砖块，而交错布置的阳台则让人想到泰式传统住宅中的柚木镶板。

此设计以一种适当的方式解决了容积率高达10∶1的热带高密度居住问题。

该项目坐落在两个火车站之间，能更好地利用现有的基础设施应对曼谷城区的无计划扩张和严重的交通阻塞。曼谷各个领域的人都使用公共交通，因为它往往是通过城市网的唯一途径。

建筑的每个水平面上都有植栽，景观率几乎达到100%。爬山虎墙覆盖了整个66层高的垂直立面，阳台上还有私人植栽。

大多数发展中国家的热带高层建筑都是由来自温带国家的顾问根据冷气候建筑模板设计的。但是，在热带地区，轻风、全年温和的气候、恒温和高湿度使人们非常向往户外生活。另外，在人口密度高的亚洲城市，高层生活环境也优于地上生活环境。

为了更好地利用这些优势，该项目创造了空气对流型热带公寓，带有通风廊，全方位地引入光和景，还有高层花园、带烧烤区的露天阳台、图书馆、水疗馆以及其他设施。这些空中阳台，既是私人的，又是公共的，每五层就有一个，创造了一种奇妙而适于人类的外部空间。

此设计是对热带亚洲城市居住密度问题的创新解决方式，为热带高密度住宅提供了一个新模式。这个自然通风的、贯穿的、拥有室内及室外空间的绿色建筑，比起当前矗立在热带地区的封闭式玻璃幕墙建筑，是取而代之的不二之选。