第1章 THE COUNTRYSIDE AND THE MAN(1)

On a lovely spring morning in the year 1829,a man of fifty or thereabouts was wending his way on horseback along the mountain road that leads to a large village near the Grande Chartreuse.This village is the market town of a populous canton that lies within the limits of a valley of some considerable length.The melting of the snows had filled the boulder-strewn bed of the torrent (often dry)that flows through this valley,which is closely shut in between two parallel mountain barriers,above which the peaks of Savoy and of Dauphine tower on every side.

All the scenery of the country that lies between the chain of the two Mauriennes is very much alike;yet here in the district through which the stranger was traveling there are soft undulations of the land,and varying effects of light which might be sought for elsewhere in vain.

Sometimes the valley,suddenly widening,spreads out a soft irregularly-shaped carpet of grass before the eyes;a meadow constantly watered by the mountain streams that keep it fresh and green at all seasons of the year.Sometimes a roughly-built sawmill appears in a picturesque position,with its stacks of long pine trunks with the bark peeled off,and its mill stream,brought from the bed of the torrent in great square wooden pipes,with masses of dripping filament issuing from every crack.Little cottages,scattered here and there,with their gardens full of blossoming fruit trees,call up the ideas that are aroused by the sight of industrious poverty;while the thought of ease,secured after long years of toil,is suggested by some larger houses farther on,with their red roofs of flat round tiles,shaped like the scales of a fish.There is no door,moreover,that does not duly exhibit a basket in which the cheeses are hung up to dry.Every roadside and every croft is adorned with vines;which here,as in Italy,they train to grow about dwarf elm trees,whose leaves are stripped off to feed the cattle.

Nature,in her caprice,has brought the sloping hills on either side so near together in some places,that there is no room for fields,or buildings,or peasants'huts.Nothing lies between them but the torrent,roaring over its waterfalls between two lofty walls of granite that rise above it,their sides covered with the leafage of tall beeches and dark fir trees to the height of a hundred feet.The trees,with their different kinds of foliage,rise up straight and tall,fantastically colored by patches of lichen,forming magnificent colonnades,with a line of straggling hedgerow of guelder rose,briar rose,box and arbutus above and below the roadway at their feet.The subtle perfume of this undergrowth was mingled just then with scents from the wild mountain region and with the aromatic fragrance of young larch shoots,budding poplars,and resinous pines.

Here and there a wreath of mist about the heights sometimes hid and sometimes gave glimpses of the gray crags,that seemed as dim and vague as the soft flecks of cloud dispersed among them.The whole face of the country changed every moment with the changing light in the sky;the hues of the mountains,the soft shades of their lower slopes,the very shape of the valleys seemed to vary continually.A ray of sunlight through the tree-stems,a clear space made by nature in the woods,or a landslip here and there,coming as a surprise to make a contrast in the foreground,made up an endless series of pictures delightful to see amid the silence,at the time of year when all things grow young,and when the sun fills a cloudless heaven with a blaze of light.In short,it was a fair land--it was the land of France!

The traveler was a tall man,dressed from head to foot in a suit of blue cloth,which must have been brushed just as carefully every morning as the glossy coat of his horse.He held himself firm and erect in the saddle like an old cavalry officer.Even if his black cravat and doeskin gloves,the pistols that filled his holsters,and the valise securely fastened to the crupper behind him had not combined to mark him out as a soldier,the air of unconcern that sat on his face,his regular features (scarred though they were with the smallpox),his determined manner,self-reliant expression,and the way he held his head,all revealed the habits acquired through military discipline,of which a soldier can never quite divest himself,even after he has retired from service into private life.

Any other traveler would have been filled with wonder at the loveliness of this Alpine region,which grows so bright and smiling as it becomes merged in the great valley systems of southern France;but the officer,who no doubt had previously traversed a country across which the French armies had been drafted in the course of Napoleon's wars,enjoyed the view before him without appearing to be surprised by the many changes that swept across it.It would seem that Napoleon has extinguished in his soldiers the sensation of wonder;for an impassive face is a sure token by which you may know the men who served erewhile under the short-lived yet deathless Eagles of the great Emperor.The traveler was,in fact,one of those soldiers (seldom met with nowadays)whom shot and shell have respected,although they have borne their part on every battlefield where Napoleon commanded.

There had been nothing unusual in his life.He had fought valiantly in the ranks as a simple and loyal soldier,doing his duty as faithfully by night as by day,and whether in or out of his officer's sight.He had never dealt a sabre stroke in vain,and was incapable of giving one too many.If he wore at his buttonhole the rosette of an officer of the Legion of Honor,it was because the unanimous voice of his regiment had singled him out as the man who best deserved to receive it after the battle of Borodino.

He belonged to that small minority of undemonstrative retiring natures,who are always at peace with themselves,and who are conscious of a feeling of humiliation at the mere thought of making a request,no matter what its nature may be.So promotion had come to him tardily,and by virtue of the slowly-working laws of seniority.He had been made a sub-lieutenant in 1802,but it was not until 1829that he became a major,in spite of the grayness of his moustaches.His life had been so blameless that no man in the army,not even the general himself,could approach him without an involuntary feeling of respect.It is possible that he was not forgiven for this indisputable superiority by those who ranked above him;but,on the other hand,there was not one of his men that did not feel for him something of the affection of children for a good mother.For them he knew how to be at once indulgent and severe.He himself had also once served in the ranks,and knew the sorry joys and gaily-endured hardships of the soldier's lot.He knew the errors that may be passed over and the faults that must be punished in his men--"his children,"as he always called them--and when on campaign he readily gave them leave to forage for provision for man and horse among the wealthier classes.

His own personal history lay buried beneath the deepest reserve.Like almost every military man in Europe,he had only seen the world through cannon smoke,or in the brief intervals of peace that occurred so seldom during the Emperor's continual wars with the rest of Europe.

Had he or had he not thought of marriage?The question remained unsettled.Although no one doubted that Commandant Genestas had made conquests during his sojourn in town after town and country after country where he had taken part in the festivities given and received by the officers,yet no one knew this for a certainty.There was no prudery about him;he would not decline to join a pleasure party;he in no way offended against military standards;but when questioned as to his affairs of the heart,he either kept silence or answered with a jest.To the words,"How are you,commandant?"addressed to him by an officer over the wine,his reply was,"Pass the bottle,gentlemen."M.Pierre Joseph Genestas was an unostentatious kind of Bayard.There was nothing romantic nor picturesque about him--he was too thoroughly commonplace.His ways of living were those of a well-to-do man.

Although he had nothing beside his pay,and his pension was all that he had to look to in the future,the major always kept two years'pay untouched,and never spent his allowances,like some shrewd old men of business with whom cautious prudence has almost become a mania.He was so little of a gambler that if,when in company,some one was wanted to cut in or to take a bet at ecarte,he usually fixed his eyes on his boots;but though he did not allow himself any extravagances,he conformed in every way to custom.

His uniforms lasted longer than those of any other officer in his regiment,as a consequence of the sedulously careful habits that somewhat straitened means had so instilled into him,that they had come to be like a second nature.Perhaps he might have been suspected of meannesss if it had not been for the fact that with wonderful disinterestedness and all a comrade's readiness,his purse would be opened for some harebrained boy who had ruined himself at cards or by some other folly.He did a service of this kind with such thoughtful tact,that it seemed as though he himself had at one time lost heavy sums at play;he never considered that he had any right to control the actions of his debtor;he never made mention of the loan.He was the child of his company;he was alone in the world,so he had adopted the army for his fatherland,and the regiment for his family.Very rarely,therefore,did any one seek the motives underlying his praiseworthy turn for thrift;for it pleased others,for the most part,to set it down to a not unnatural wish to increase the amount of the savings that were to render his old age comfortable.Till the eve of his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of cavalry it was fair to suppose that it was his ambition to retire in the course of some campaign with a colonel's epaulettes and pension.

If Genestas'name came up when the officers gossiped after drill,they were wont to classify him among the men who begin with taking the good-conduct prize at school,and who,throughout the term of their natural lives,continue to be punctilious,conscientious,and passionless--as good as white bread,and just as insipid.Thoughtful minds,however,regarded him very differently.Not seldom it would happen that a glance,or an expression as full of significance as the utterance of a savage,would drop from him and bear witness to past storms in his soul;and a careful study of his placid brow revealed a power of stifling down and repressing his passions into inner depths,that had been dearly bought by a lengthy acquaintance with the perils and disastrous hazards of war.An officer who had only just joined the regiment,the son of a peer of France,had said one day of Genestas,that he would have made one of the most conscientious of priests,or the most upright of tradesmen.

"Add,the least of a courtier among marquises,"put in Genestas,scanning the young puppy,who did not know that his commandant could overhear him.

There was a burst of laughter at the words,for the lieutenant's father cringed to all the powers that be;he was a man of supple intellect,accustomed to jump with every change of government,and his son took after him.

Men like Genestas are met with now and again in the French army;natures that show themselves to be wholly great at need,and relapse into their ordinary simplicity when the action is over;men that are little mindful of fame and reputation,and utterly forgetful of danger.Perhaps there are many more of them than the shortcomings of our own characters will allow us to imagine.Yet,for all that,any one who believed that Genestas was perfect would be strangely deceiving himself.The major was suspicious,given to violent outbursts of anger,and apt to be tiresome in argument;he was full of national prejudices,and above all things,would insist that he was in the right,when he was,as a matter of fact,in the wrong.He retained the liking for good wine that he had acquired in the ranks.If he rose from a banquet with all the gravity befitting his position,he seemed serious and pensive,and had no mind at such times to admit any one into his confidence.

Finally,although he was sufficiently acquainted with the customs of society and with the laws of politeness,to which he conformed as rigidly as if they had been military regulations;though he had real mental power,both natural and acquired;and although he had mastered the art of handling men,the science of tactics,the theory of sabre play,and the mysteries of the farrier's craft,his learning had been prodigiously neglected.He knew in a hazy kind of way that Caesar was a Roman Consul,or an Emperor,and that Alexander was either a Greek or a Macedonian;he would have conceded either quality or origin in both cases without discussion.If the conversation turned on science or history,he was wont to become thoughtful,and to confine his share in it to little approving nods,like a man who by dint of profound thought has arrived at scepticism.

When,at Schonbrunn,on May 13,1809,Napoleon wrote the bulletin addressed to the Grand Army,then the masters of Vienna,in which he said that like Medea,the Austrian princes had slain their children with their own hands;Genestas,who had been recently made a captain,did not wish to compromise his newly conferred dignity by asking who Medea was;he relied upon Napoleon's character,and felt quite sure that the Emperor was incapable of making any announcement not in proper form to the Grand Army and the House of Austria.So he thought that Medea was some archduchess whose conduct was open to criticism.

Still,as the matter might have some bearing on the art of war,he felt uneasy about the Medea of the bulletin until a day arrived when Mlle.Raucourt revived the tragedy of Medea.The captain saw the placard,and did not fail to repair to the Theatre Francais that evening,to see the celebrated actress in her mythological role,concerning which he gained some information from his neighbors.

A man,however,who as a private soldier had possessed sufficient force of character to learn to read,write,and cipher,could clearly understand that as a captain he ought to continue his education.So from this time forth he read new books and romances with avidity,in this way gaining a half-knowledge,of which he made a very fair use.

He went so far in his gratitude to his teachers as to undertake the defence of Pigault-Lebrun,remarking that in his opinion he was instructive and not seldom profound.

This officer,whose acquired practical wisdom did not allow him to make any journey in vain,had just come from Grenoble,and was on his way to the Grande Chartreuse,after obtaining on the previous evening a week's leave of absence from his colonel.He had not expected that the journey would be a long one;but when,league after league,he had been misled as to the distance by the lying statements of the peasants,he thought it would be prudent not to venture any farther without fortifying the inner man.Small as were his chances of finding any housewife in her dwelling at a time when every one was hard at work in the fields,he stopped before a little cluster of cottages that stood about a piece of land common to all of them,more or less describing a square,which was open to all comers.

The surface of the soil thus held in conjoint ownership was hard and carefully swept,but intersected by open drains.Roses,ivy,and tall grasses grew over the cracked and disjointed walls.Some rags were drying on a miserable currant bush that stood at the entrance of the square.A pig wallowing in a heap of straw was the first inhabitant encountered by Genestas.At the sound of horse hoofs the creature grunted,raised its head,and put a great black cat to flight.A young peasant girl,who was carrying a bundle of grass on her head,suddenly appeared,followed at a distance by four little brats,clad in rags,it is true,but vigorous,sunburned,picturesque,bold-eyed,and riotous;thorough little imps,looking like angels.The sun shone down with an indescribable purifying influence upon the air,the wretched cottages,the heaps of refuse,and the unkempt little crew.

The soldier asked whether it was possible to obtain a cup of milk.All the answer the girl made him was a hoarse cry.An old woman suddenly appeared on the threshold of one of the cabins,and the young peasant girl passed on into a cowshed,with a gesture that pointed out the aforesaid old woman,towards whom Genestas went;taking care at the same time to keep a tight hold on his horse,lest the children who were already running about under his hoofs should be hurt.He repeated his request,with which the housewife flatly refused to comply.She would not,she said,disturb the cream on the pans full of milk from which butter was to be made.The officer overcame this objection by undertaking to repay her amply for the wasted cream,and then tied up his horse at the door,and went inside the cottage.

The four children belonging to the woman all appeared to be of the same age--an odd circumstance which struck the commandant.A fifth clung about her skirts;a weak,pale,sickly-looking child,who doubtless needed more care than the others,and who on that account was the best beloved,the Benjamin of the family.

Genestas seated himself in a corner by the fireless hearth.A sublime symbol met his eyes on the high mantel-shelf above him--a colored plaster cast of the Virgin with the Child Jesus in her arms.Bare earth made the flooring of the cottage.It had been beaten level in the first instance,but in course of time it had grown rough and uneven,so that though it was clean,its ruggedness was not unlike that of the magnified rind of an orange.A sabot filled with salt,a frying-pan,and a large kettle hung inside the chimney.The farther end of the room was completely filled by a four-post bedstead,with a scalloped valance for decoration.The walls were black;there was an opening to admit the light above the worm-eaten door;and here and there were a few stools consisting of rough blocks of beech-wood,each set upon three wooden legs;a hutch for bread,a large wooden dipper,a bucket and some earthen milk-pans,a spinning-wheel on the top of the bread-hutch,and a few wicker mats for draining cheeses.Such were the ornaments and household furniture of the wretched dwelling.

The officer,who had been absorbed in flicking his riding-whip against the floor,presently became a witness to a piece of by-play,all unsuspicious though he was that any drama was about to unfold itself.

No sooner had the old woman,followed by her scald-headed Benjamin,disappeared through a door that led into her dairy,than the four children,after having stared at the soldier as long as they wished,drove away the pig by way of a beginning.This animal,their accustomed playmate,having come as far as the threshold,the little brats made such an energetic attack upon him,that he was forced to beat a hasty retreat.When the enemy had been driven without,the children besieged the latch of a door that gave way before their united efforts,and slipped out of the worn staple that held it;and finally they bolted into a kind of fruit-loft,where they very soon fell to munching the dried plums,to the amusement of the commandant,who watched this spectacle.The old woman,with the face like parchment and the dirty ragged clothing,came back at this moment,with a jug of milk for her visitor in her hand.

"Oh!you good-for-nothings!"cried she.

She ran to the children,clutched an arm of each child,bundled them into the room,and carefully closed the door of her storeroom of plenty.But she did not take their prunes away from them.

"Now,then,be good,my pets!If one did not look after them,"she went on,looking at Genestas,"they would eat up the whole lot of prunes,the madcaps!"Then she seated herself on a three-legged stool,drew the little weakling between her knees,and began to comb and wash his head with a woman's skill and with motherly assiduity.The four small thieves hung about.Some of them stood,others leant against the bed or the bread-hutch.They gnawed their prunes without saying a word,but they kept their sly and mischievous eyes fixed upon the stranger.In spite of grimy countenances and noses that stood in need of wiping,they all looked strong and healthy.

"Are they your children?"the soldier asked the old woman.

"Asking your pardon,sir,they are charity children.They give me three francs a month and a pound's weight of soap for each of them.""But it must cost you twice as much as that to keep them,good woman?""That is just what M.Benassis tells me,sir;but if other folk will board the children for the same money,one has to make it do.Nobody wants the children,but for all that there is a good deal of performance to go through before they will let us have them.When the milk we give them comes to nothing,they cost us scarcely anything.

Besides that,three francs is a great deal,sir;there are fifteen francs coming in,to say nothing of the five pounds'weight of soap.

In our part of the world you would simply have to wear your life out before you would make ten sous a day.""Then you have some land of your own?"asked the commandant.

"No,sir.I had some land once when my husband was alive;since he died I have done so badly that I had to sell it""Why,how do you reach the year's end without debts?"Genestas went on,"when you bring up children for a livelihood and wash and feed them on two sous a day?""Well,we never go to St.Sylvester's Day without debt,sir,"she went on without ceasing to comb the child's hair."But so it is--Providence helps us out.I have a couple of cows.Then my daughter and I do some gleaning at harvest-time,and in winter we pick up firewood.Then at night we spin.Ah!we never want to see another winter like this last one,that is certain!I owe the miller seventy-five francs for flour.

Luckily he is M.Benassis'miller.M.Benassis,ah!he is a friend to poor people.He has never asked for his due from anybody,and he will not begin with us.Besides,our cow has a calf,and that will set us a bit straighter."The four orphans for whom the old woman's affection represented all human guardianship had come to an end of their prunes.As their foster-mother's attention was taken up by the officer with whom she was chatting,they seized the opportunity,and banded themselves together in a compact file,so as to make yet another assault upon the latch of the door that stood between them and the tempting heap of dried plums.They advanced to the attack,not like French soldiers,but as stealthily as Germans,impelled by frank animal greediness.

"Oh!you little rogues!Do you want to finish them up?"The old woman rose,caught the strongest of the four,administered a gentle slap on the back,and flung him out of the house.Not a tear did he shed,but the others remained breathless with astonishment.

"They give you a lot of trouble."

"Oh!no,sir,but they can smell the prunes,the little dears.If Iwere to leave them alone here for a moment,they would stuff themselves with them.""You are very fond of them?"The old woman raised her head at this,and looked at him with gentle malice in her eyes.

"Fond of them!"she said."I have had to part with three of them already.I only have the care of them until they are six years old,"she went on with a sigh.

"But where are your own children?"

"I have lost them."

"How old are you?"Genestas asked,to efface the impression left by his last question.

"I am thirty-eight years old,sir.It will be two years come next St.

John's Day since my husband died."

She finished dressing the poor sickly mite,who seemed to thank her by a loving look in his faded eyes.

"What a life of toil and self-denial!"thought the cavalry officer.

Beneath a roof worthy of the stable wherein Jesus Christ was born,the hardest duties of motherhood were fulfilled cheerfully and without consciousness of merit.What hearts were these that lay so deeply buried in neglect and obscurity!What wealth,and what poverty!

Soldiers,better than other men,can appreciate the element of grandeur to be found in heroism in sabots,in the Evangel clad in rags.The Book may be found elsewhere,adorned,embellished,tricked out in silk and satin and brocade,but here,of a surety,dwelt the spirit of the Book.It was impossible to doubt that Heaven had some holy purpose underlying it all,at the sight of the woman who had taken a mother's lot upon herself,as Jesus Christ had taken the form of a man,who gleaned and suffered and ran into debt for her little waifs;a woman who defrauded herself in her reckonings,and would not own that she was ruining herself that she might be a Mother.One was constrained to admit,at the sight of her,that the good upon earth have something in common with the angels in heaven;Commandant Genestas shook his head as he looked at her.

"Is M.Benassis a clever doctor?"he asked at last.

"I do not know,sir,but he cures poor people for nothing.""It seems to me that this is a man and no mistake!"he went on,speaking to himself.

"Oh!yes,sir,and a good man too!There is scarcely any one hereabouts that does not put his name in their prayers,morning and night!""That is for you,mother,"said the soldier,as he gave her several coins,"and that is for the children,"he went on,as he added another crown."Is M.Benassis'house still a long way off?"he asked,when he had mounted his horse.

"Oh!no,sir,a bare league at most."

The commandant set out,fully persuaded that two leagues remained ahead of him.Yet after all he soon caught a glimpse through the trees of the little town's first cluster of houses,and then of all the roofs that crowded about a conical steeple,whose slates were secured to the angles of the wooden framework by sheets of tin that glittered in the sun.This sort of roof,which has a peculiar appearance,denotes the nearness of the borders of Savoy,where it is very common.