第6章 在马克思墓前的讲话

Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx

弗里德里希·恩格斯/Friederich Engels

弗里德里希·恩格斯（1820—1895），马克思主义创始人之一，马克思的亲密战友。恩格斯出生于德国纺织主家庭，与马克思相识后并肩战斗，共同起草《共产党宣言》并领导第一国际工作。著有《反杜林论》等大量著作。马克思逝世后，他担任整理和发表马克思的文献遗产和继续领导国际工人运动的重任，参加创建并指导第二国际工作，同各种机会主义进行了坚决的斗争，直至1895年8月5日病逝。

3月14日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。他独自在房间里还不到两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——永远地睡着了。

他的逝世，对于在欧美战斗着的无产阶级，对于历史、科学，都是无法估量的损失。不久，人们就会感觉到，这位巨人的逝世给我们留下了难以填补的空白。

正如达尔文发现有机自然界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被纷繁复杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须满足衣食住行，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等活动；所以，生产直接与生活有关的物质用品，会为一个民族或一个时代带来一定程度的经济发展，物质用品的生产和经济发展的程度又构成了该民族的国家制度、法制观念、艺术以至宗教思想发展的基础。因此，我们必须从这个方向来解释上述种种观念和思想，而不是像以往那样，作相反的解释。

不仅如此，马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和由此产生的资产阶级社会的特殊运动规律。剩余价值的发现，使先前一切资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家在黑暗中摸索、探求的问题豁然开朗，得到解决。

一生中能有这样的两项发现，该是足够了。即使只有一项这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。但是马克思在他所研究的每一个领域，甚至在数学领域，都有独到的发现，他研究的领域很多，而且对其中任何领域都不是浅尝辄止。

这是他作为科学家的一面，但是他远不止有这一面。在马克思看来，科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量。任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现（它的实际应用也许还根本无法预见），都使马克思感到由衷的喜悦，但是当出现会立即对工业、一般历史发展产生革命性影响的发现时，他的喜悦就非同寻常了。例如，他曾经密切地注意电学方面各种发现的发展情况，不久以前，他还注意了马赛尔·德普勒的发现。

马克思首先是一个革命者。他毕生的真正使命是以各种方式推翻资本主义社会及其国家制度，协助现代无产阶级得到解放。因为他的存在，这些现代无产阶级第一次意识到自身的地位和需求，意识到自身的解放条件。斗争是他的生命要素，很少有人能像他那样满腔热情、坚韧不拔且卓有成效地进行斗争。他从事过的工作有：在早期的《莱茵报》（1842年）、巴黎的《前进报》（1844年）、《德意志—布鲁塞尔报》（1847年）、《新莱茵报》（1848—1849年）、《纽约每日论坛报》（1852—1861年），以及许多富有战斗性的小册子上发表文章；其后参与巴黎、布鲁塞尔和伦敦各个组织的工作；最后，作为全部活动的顶峰，他创立了伟大的国际工人协会——老实说，协会的这位创始人即使没有别的建树，也足够以此成果而感到自豪了。

正因为如此，马克思成了当代最遭嫉恨和受到最多诬蔑的人。各国政府——无论是专制政府还是共和政府——都驱逐他；资产阶级——无论是保守派或极端民主派，都竞相诽谤他、诅咒他。他对这一切毫不在意，把它们当作蛛丝一样轻轻抹去，只是在万分必要时才给予答复。现在他逝世了，整个欧洲和美洲，从西伯利亚矿井到加利福尼亚，千百万革命战友无不对他表示尊敬、爱戴和悼念。而我可以大胆地说：他可能有过许多敌人，但几乎没有一个私敌。

他的英名和事业将永垂不朽！

On the 14th of March， at a quarter to three in the afternoon， the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes， and when we came back we found him in his armchair， peacefully gone to sleep—but forever.

An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America， and by historical science， in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature， so Marx discovered the law of development of human history：the simple fact， hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology， that mankind must first of all eat， drink， have shelter and clothing， before it can pursue politics， science， art， religion， etc；that therefore the production of the immediate material means ofsubsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions， the legal conceptions， art， and even the ideas on religion， of the people concerned have been evolved， and in the light of which they must， therefore， be explained， instead of vice versa， as had hitherto been the case.

But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem， in trying to solve which all previous investigations， of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics， had been groping in the dark.

Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery.But in every single field which Marx investigated—and he investigated very many fields， none of them superficially—in every field， even in that of mathematics， he made independent discoveries.

Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man.Science was for Marx a historically dynamic， revolutionary force.However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage， he experiencedquite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry， and in historical development in general.For example， he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.

For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute， in one way or another to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being， to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat， which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs， conscious of the conditions of its emancipation.Fighting was his element.And he fought with a passion， a tenacity and a success such as few could rival.His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842)， the Paris Vorwarts (1844)， the Deutsche BrüsselerZeitung (1847)， the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848—1849)， the New York Tribune (1852—1861)， and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets， work in organizations in Paris， Brussels and London， and finally， crowning all， the formation of the great International Working Men's Association—this was indeed an achievement of which its founder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else.

And， consequently， Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments， both absolutist and republican， deported him from their territories.Bourgeois， whether conservative or ultra-democratic， vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him.All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb， ignoring it， answering only when extreme necessity compelled him.And he died beloved， revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workers—from the mines of Siberia to California， in all parts of Europe and America—and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.

His name will endure through the ages， and so also will his work！