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25. Cartes. Principia philos. P. I. § 22, 23, pp. 6, 7 (pp. 77, 78); Responsiones quart?, p. 133(p. 70); Spinoza: Princip. philos. Cart. pp. 30, 31, 36, 38; Buhle: Geschichte der neuern Philosophie, Vol. III. Sec. I. pp. 17, 18.

26. Cartes. Principia philos. P. I. § 48, p. 12 (p. 92); Meditationes, III. p. 17 (pp. 268, 269).

27. Cartes. Principia philosophi?. P. I. § 49, p. 13 (p. 93).

28. Ibid. P. I. § 48, p. 12 (p. 92).

29. Cartes. Princip. philosophi?, P. I. § 51, p. 14 (p. 95).

30. Cartes. Principia philosophi?, P. I. § 53, 54, p. 14 (pp. 96, 97).

31. Cartes. Princip. philos., P. I. § 66-74, pp. 19-22 (pp. 107-117); P. II § 4, p. 25 (pp.

123,124).

32. Cartes. Prineipia philos. P. II. § 16, 20, 37, 38, pp. 29-31, 38, 39 (pp. 133, 134, 137, 138, 152-154).

33. Cartes. Princip. philos., P. I. § 66-74, pp. 19-22 (pp. 107-117); P. II § 4, p. 25 (pp.

123,124).

34. Cf. Cartes. Principia philos., P. II. § 64, p. 49 (pp. 178, 179).

35. Cartes. Principia philos., P. III. § 5-42, 46 sqq. pp. 51-63, 65 sqq. (pp. 183-208, p. 210 et suiv.); P. IV. § 1 sqq., 69, 109-115, p. 137 sqq., 116, 178-180 (p. 330 et suiv., 388, 420-425).

36. Cartes. Principia philosoph., P. I. § 37, 39-41, pp. 10, 11 (pp. 85-88).

37. Cartes. De Methodo. V. pp. 35, 36 (pp. 185-189).

38. Cartes. De Methodo. V. p. 29 (173, 174).

Section Two: Period of the Thinking Understanding Chapter I. - The Metaphysics of the Understanding A 2. SPINOZAThe philosophy of Descartes underwent a great variety of unspeculative developments, but in Benedict Spinoza a direct successor to this philosopher may be found, and one who carried on the Cartesian principle to its furthest logical conclusions. For him soul and body, thought and Being, cease to have separate independent existence. The dualism of the Cartesian system Spinoza, as a Jew, altogether set aside. For the profound unity of his philosophy as it found expression in Europe, his manifestation of Spirit as the identity of the finite and the infinite in God, instead of God's appearing related to these as a Third - all this is an echo from Eastern lands. The Oriental theory of absolute identity was brought by Spinoza much more directly into line, firstly with the current of European thought, and then with the European and Cartesian philosophy, in which it soon found a place.