第74章

32. Von g？ttlicher Beschaulichkeit， chap. iii. § 13， p. 1758； Morgenr？the， chap. x. § 55， 60， 58， pp. 115， 116 (chap. xi. § 4， p. 118).

33. Morgenr？the， chap. iii. § 36-38， 47， pp. 44-46 [see Law's translation].

34. Von g？ttlicher Beschaulichkeit， chap. i. § 33， p. 1745； chap. ii. § 29， p. 1754； chap. iii. §15， 18-24， 27， 29， pp. 1758-1761； Von den drei Principien g？ttlichen Wesens， chap. viii. § 5， p. 433； Mysterium Magnum， oder Erkl？rung des ersten Buchs Mosis， chap. xix. § 28， pp. 2830， 2831.

35. Von g？ttlicher Beschaulichkeit， chap. i. § 23-39， pp. 1742-1746； chap. ii. § 1-13， 15-30， pp. 1747-1754.

Section Two： Period of the Thinking Understanding Chapter I. - The Metaphysics of the Understanding A 1. DESCARTES.

René Descartes is a bold spirit who re-commenced the whole subject from the very beginning and constituted afresh the groundwork on which Philosophy is based， and to which， after a thousand years had passed， it once more returned. The extent of the influence which this man exercised upon his times and the culture of Philosophy generally， cannot be sufficiently expressed；it rests mainly in his setting aside all former pre-suppositious and beginning in a free， simple， and likewise popular way， with popular modes of thought and quite simple propositions， in his leading to thought and extension or Being， and so to speak setting up this before thought as its opposite.

This simple thought appeared in the form of the determinate， clear understanding， and it cannot thus be called speculative thought or speculative reason. There are fixed determinations from which Descartes proceeds， but only of thought； this is the method of his time. What the French called exact science， science of the determinate understanding， made its appearance at this time.

Philosophy and exact science were not yet separated， and it was only later on that this separation first took place.