Unit1 Education

Perhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. You work hard in your college, but you think you will never be a top student. This does not have to be the case, however. You can be an excellent student if you want to. That is to say, without additional work, even average students can be top students. In Text A, you will find many techniques that might help you with your studying. Of course, improving your study habits will improve your grades.

Questions

1）Do you think that an average student will never become a top student? Why or why not

2）Do you have any suggestions on how to improve your study habits?

Take Charge of Your Learning

Chris Gentile

You Know Yourself Best

1.Remember that unless you can take charge of your own learning,you will probably not succeed in mastering a new language independently. You know yourself best, so you should use your self-knowledge to guide your studies, even if it means that sometimes you will have to disregard some of your teachers’ approaches or other people’s suggestions.

Set Clear Goals

2. You need to decide for yourself what the overall goals for your language study are. This will help you to develop a clearer direction and to measure your performance. For the same reasons, it is helpful to set clear goals for your daily and weekly study. Follow the goals you have set for yourself, even if this means supplementing the work that is done in your course. For instance, if your goal is to have a good accent, you can work on your pronunciation if it is not stressed in your course.

Establish a Regular Schedule

3.Language is learned in small bits,so try to establish a regular schedule for studying and then stick to it.You achieve little by occasional cramming;after all,you didn’t learn your native language all at once.In fact,it took you quite a while to master all its intricacies, so give yourself the same chance when learning a new language. Do some studying every day, even on weekends and when there is no homework assignment. Work through your exercises as they are assigned, rather than doing them at the last possible minute. Exercises do little good if they don’t have time to sink in.Finally,find the best time of day to do your studying.Don’t do it when you have many other things on your mind or when you are exhausted. Your mind has to be receptive for learning to take place.

Pay Attention to the Learning Successes of Yours and Others’

4. As you proceed in your learning, notice your successes and especially note what you did to achieve these successes. Determine which exercises seem to help you most and for which kind of tasks: translations mechanical drills, answering questions, compositions, and so forth. Also, note whether you find written or oral exercises more helpful and whether you retain a rule better when it is given to you before practice or when you deduce your own rule from examples presented to you.

5. Ask other students how they got the right answers or how they successfully learned something, and then see if their strategies will also work for you. For example, if someone guessed a word that you did not recognize, ask how he or she did it. Sometimes it is helpful to look at how others organize their notes, rules, and vocabulary lists as well.You can also ask other students how they go about preparing for class.

Experiment to Determine Your Learning Preference

6. Experiment to see if some tasks are better accomplished by using the eye, while others are better accomplished with the ear. For example, you may find that listening to tapes helps you improve your oral comprehension and memorize dialogues, but you may retain vocabulary better if you use flash cards. Remember that applying the same strategy to all tasks will not work. If you tend to rely too much on the eye, as many adults do, you may slow down your progress because so much of language requires learners to use their hearing. You may need to consciously work on strengthening your listening skills.

Notice Which Strategies Work and Which Don’t

7.As you proceed with your learning,you should be on the lookout for what works and what doesn’t.Once you have identified the strategies that work best for you, continue to use them. At the same time, watch out for strategies that aren’t effective.For instance,if you“choke up”in class when performing a dialogue with another student, could it be that you prepared for this task by reading and rereading the dialogue by yourself? If this strategy doesn’t work, try working with a classmate. After all, it takes two to talk.

8. Define your problems clearly. Be on the lookout for your learning problems, and try to determine what you can do to solve them. If you keep examining this process, you will find that you will be better able to define your problems and thus better able to find solutions.

(764 words)

New Words

Phrases and Expressions

Notes

1.This text is adapted from Chris Gentile,“Study Habits”，2002.

2. (Para. 1) Remember that unless you can take charge of your own learning, you will probably not succeed in mastering a new language independently. 记住，除非你能够掌控自己的学习，否则你很有可能无法独立地成功掌握一门新的语言。

1)unless conj.if not,except if 如果不，除非

e.g.Don’t eat that fruit unless it is ripe.

等到水果成熟了再吃。

2)unless prep. 除…之外，除非；

e.g.Nothing,unless a miracle,can save him.

除非出现奇迹，否则什么也挽救不了他。

3. (Para. 2) Follow the goals you have set for yourself, even if this means supplementing the work that is done in your course. 按照你自己设定的目标前进，即使这意味着你必须在既定的课程中增加工作量。

even if与even though: even if的从句中含有强烈的假定性，而使用even though的句子，主句以从句为前提。

e.g.Even if he is poor,she will love him.

即使他很穷，她还是爱他。

Even though he is poor, she loves him.

尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。

4. (Para. 3) In fact, it took you quite a while to master all its intricacies, so give yourself the same chance when learning a new language. 实际上，要掌握母语复杂的方方面面，你都需要花费大量时间，因此，当你学习一门新的语言时，也应该给自己同等的机会。

It takes…to do sth.: to need money/effort/for you to do sth. 做……需要（时间，金钱等）

e.g.It took much time for you to become a top student.

要成为一名优等生，你要花费很多时间。

5. (Para. 6) flash cards:（教学用）抽认卡片（上有单词等）

6. (Para. 7) For instance, if you “choke up” in class when performing a dialogue with another student, could it be that you prepared for this task by reading and rereading the dialogue by yourself? 举个例子，如果你在课堂上和另一个同学表演一段对话一时语塞，这会不会是因为你准备时只是自己一遍遍地反复读这段对话造成的呢？

句中that引导的表语从句表示原因。

e.g.1)If she arrives late,it could be that she missed her bus.

2) If the apple trees are in blossom, it may be that spring has already arrived.

Reading for Main Idea

1. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false.

____ 1) Sometimes you can ignore other people’s suggestions about how to study.

____ 2) Sometimes the teacher’s approach may not suit you.

____ 3) You need to set overall goals as well as immediate goals for your language learning.

____ 4) Language is learned in small bits, so do your studying whenever you have time.

____ 5) You’re advised to deduce your own rules from examples given to you.

____ 6) It’s important to remember that different strategies have to be applied to different tasks.

____ 7) We must follow the methods mentioned in this text strictly.

Reading for Detailed Information

1. Answer the following questions according to the text.

1) Why is it important to establish a regular schedule?

2) What is the purpose of setting clear goals? Why is it important?

3) What does “supplementing the work” mean in Paragraph2? Is it necessary to do this in language learning?

4) Do you think it is helpful to notice others’ learning successes? Why or why not?

5) How can you determine your learning preferences? Give at least one example.

6) According to the text, what does the word “strategy” mean?

7) Which of the six suggestions in the text do you find the most helpful to you? Give your reasons.

8) What is the purpose of this text?

Vocabulary

1. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.

1) Usually we are_______ to memorize the new words after English classes.

2) Mary, please_______ the mess and sit right here.

3) After all, a physicist by training, she tends to _______ the facts.

4) In the long run, the students who can _______ their own learning will achieve success.

5) Why does Tom think it is unnecessary to _______ single English word.

6) The teacher began to ______ during his first lesson.

7) This rule would, presumably, not ______ to those who obtained degrees abroad.

8) One can only ______ that the military are watching the situation.

9) Thanks to my parents and friends, I ________ London freely last year.

10) At the very beginning, my mother’s words did not ______.

2. Answer the following questions, using the words or phrases given in the bracket

1) Do you spend all your free time studying?

(spend, on, read, listen)

______________________________________________________________

2) How can you learn a new language?

(by, memorize, words, practice, new sentences)

______________________________________________________________

3) Did you come to join me for the discussion last night?

(sorry, go over, books, exercises)

______________________________________________________________

4) Do you think it is necessary to learn English?

(learn, new language, bring, bright , future)

______________________________________________________________

5) How can you organize your own learning process?

( first, make a plan, second, take charge of )

______________________________________________________________

3. Word Building

The suffixes (后缀) -ment, -ation, -sion, and-ion are used to form nouns (名词) from verbs,

e.g.

assignment——assign relaxation——relax

introduction——introduce comprehension——comprehend

concentration——concentrate

Now complete the following table:

Structure

1. Study the model and rewrite the following sentences by using the word “even if”:

1) I have to walk all the way.

I’ll get there.

__________________________________________________________________________.

2) It rains tomorrow.

We won’t change our plans.

__________________________________________________________________________.

3) They’ll stand by you.

You don’t succeed.

__________________________________________________________________________.

4) You saw him pick up the money.

You can’t be sure he stole it.

__________________________________________________________________________.

5) She doesn’t have much free time.

She might read a lot of books.

__________________________________________________________________________.

2. Make sentences after one of the models, using the words and phrases given below:

1) hard, it’s, for them, to understand, Mary’s action

__________________________________________________________________________.

2) difficult, for undergraduates, this linguistic book, to read, it’s

__________________________________________________________________________.

3) wonderful, to be here, for us, it’s, at this defining moment

__________________________________________________________________________.

4) exciting, at this international meeting, to see, every single one of you, it’s, for me

__________________________________________________________________________.

5) sad, for her, this heartbreaking story, to hear, it’s

__________________________________________________________________________.

Comprehensive Exercise

1. There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are 3 choices marked A, B, and C. Choose the one that best fits into the passage.

Many students are working hard in school and they may be wondering why it is so difficult to 1) ______ success. The purpose of this article is to make students 2) ______ of the importance of developing good study habits and 3) _____charge of their own learning process. Some points mentioned below are helpful in learning.

Learning is actually not that difficult to learn 4) ______ students know some basic facts of the learning process.

Perhaps the first thing is that they need to 5) _____ their time, so that they can 6)_____ some aside for their study. It also means that the place in which they choose to study should be free of 7)_______. Students should 8)_____ over their lessons quickly before reading them carefully, a practice which can also be called “pre-reading”; 9)_____ their time wisely; establish regularly scheduled times to study; and approach tests with a good attitude. Following the advice above could 10)_____ to improved grades for them.

1) A. reach B. own C. achieve

2) A. aware B. notice C. have

3) A. making B. taking C. getting

4) A. or B. and C. if

5) A. find B. plan C. use

6) A. set B. put C. keep

7) A. charge B. duty C. distractions

8) A. get B. go C. think

9) A. learn B. give C. spend

10) A. lead B. cause C. result

2. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in the brackets.

1) 这篇文章的目的是要学生们意识到养成好的学习习惯的重要性。（make）

2) 请设定一个明确的目标，然后坚持下去。（stick to）

3) 请记住，不要把这个规则用到所有的任务中去。（apply to）

4) 控制你自己的学习过程是非常重要的。（take charge of）

5) 如果在课堂上你回答问题时语塞，你可以向老师求助。（choke up）

Part III Extensive Reading (I) Text B

Public or Private, US Schools Aim for Best Education

Lu Min

1. Which are better? Private or public schools? How do they compare? It's a question asked often by a lot of parents sending their children to schools. Any serious discussion of the issue has to consider the following factors:

Neighborhood School

2. There is no great difference between city, suburb and village schools in the United States.

3. Public schools teach the same subjects in the same grades across the country. Most school buildings look the same and have the same types of rooms inside.

4. There is always a gym, a large room for playing basketball and other sports. There is a lunchroom, a school library, and an auditorium, a very large room where all the students and teachers can meet. Most schools also have rooms for the school band to practice in. They have rooms for students to type and use computers. There are usually workshops for students to work with paint, wood, metal, and other materials. These are all parts of most American public schools, no matter where they are.

5. Each school serves a neighborhood, and each neighborhood is different. In some, the parents take an interest in what their children are doing at school.They give their time,their ideas,and and sometimes gifts to their schools.

6. That’s what makes a good school in America. Generally, it doesn’t matter whether the neighborhood is rich or poor, or whether it is in the city, the suburbs, or the countryside. What matters is the interest the neighborhood takes in its school. Schools try to gain the interest of students in their neighborhood, too. Trips to the firehouse, police headquarters,newspaper offices,and other places are very popular with young children.

7.Some schools have newspapers written by students for their neighbors.Older students may clean up the neighborhood together. They may earn money by washing cars, and use the money to help sick or elderly people in the neighborhood.

There are ways students learn about the American way of life.They start with their neighborhood.

Private Schools

8. Private school does not necessarily mean better education, but it does mean expensive education.. Public schools in the US are paid for by tax from everyone; private schools are not. Parents who send their children to private schools must pay to do so.

9. Parents may have enough money to pay for private schools, but these schools do not have to accept their children. Most private schools accept only children who are already doing well in school. Although the ability to work quietly is appreciated, it is not required for admittance. Some schools accept only boys or only girls. Classes are often quieter and less crowded than classes in public schools. This gives children a chance t learn more of what their teachers are trying to teach them.

10. Religion is not taught in public schools, so some parents choose religious private schools for their children. Many of these schools belong to a church, which gives lessons about that religion in addition to all the usual school subjects.

11. Children at many private schools wear special school uniforms, which are all exactly the same. At public schools, students may wear what they want, as long as it adheres to the standards set by the school. They sometimes invent new and wonderful fashions.

12. Only about 17 percent of American children are sent to private schools. Most Americans really believe in public education. They want their children to go to schools that are free and are open to all. They want their children to make friends with everyone——children of all races, from all kinds of families, with different talents, and different interests.

13. Every coin has two sides, so do the public and private school. In a short, public school is good at foster children’s independence and give more attention, while in public school they can master a good knowledge and make acquaintance with different kinds of people, and the last but the most important can adapt the society better. So, if your child is going to school, be cautious about it since your decision may influence the whole life of your child.

(695 words)

New Words

Phrases and Expressions

Notes

1. This text is slightly adapted.

2. neighborhood school: 原意为附近地区的学校或为邻近地区服务的学校,如可以说neighborhood bookstore ( park, grocery)。此处指public schools，即“初等或中等公立学校”。

3. (Para. 6) firehouse: （美语）消防站。

4. (Para. 8) Public schools in the US are paid for by money from everyone: 这里的money from everyone 是指“纳税人的钱”，意思是公立学校的办学经费来自纳税人的钱。

5. (Para. 8 ) to do so: to send their children to private schools，是状语，整个句子的意思是：Parents who send their children to private schools must pay (in order) to do so.

6. (Para. 9 ) to work quietly: 遵守课堂纪律，不妨碍别人。

7. (Para. 10) These schools each belongs to a church. 这里的church不是指“教堂”，而是指“某种宗教机构”。

Exercises

1. Choose the best answer for each of the following questions. You may look at the text if you want to.

1) According to the text, neighborhood schools are part of the ______ system.

A. private schools

B. public schools

C. elementary schools

2) When parents send their children to neighborhood schools, they are interested in ______.

A. what their children are doing

B. how much money their children can make

C. how much the tuition they need to pay for

3) What makes a good school in America?

A. The way the school interests its students

B. The location of the school

C. The reputation of the school

4) Private schools in the United States mean______

A. They are better than public schools

B. The tuition is expensive

C. They cannot be accepted by government.

5) What is a requirement for students to be accepted by private schools?

A. Their parents must have enough money to pay for private schools.

B. They were born in American.

C. They are already excellent students in schools.

6) Which of the following are features of private schools in the United States?

A. Students must pass an admissions process.

B. Religion may be taught in school.

C. Both of the above.

7) What is the attitude of Americans in making the choice between private school and public school?

A. All Americans want to send their children to private schools.

B. Parents believe in public schools because these schools are free and are open to all.

C. Only about 17 percent of Americans believe in public schools.

2. For each of the underlined words or phrases, three choices are given. Choose the one that best explains or defines the underlined part.

1)On the crowded bus,it was difficult to find a seat.

A. overfilled

B. confused

C. endured

2)The machine generally costs about fifty to seventy-five dollars to make.

A. frankly

B. usually

C. hardly

3)That answer is exactly right.

A. Precisely

B. Broadly

C. Mostly

4)Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.

A. imagined

B. conquered

C. created

5)They wear clothes with wonderful fashions.

A. styles

B. tools

C. means

6)Group One serves as a control group.

A. treats

B. functions

C. tries

7)Elderly residents could remember the construction of the first building.

A. Aged

B. Satisfied

C. Crowded

8)If you have talent,you can do anything.

A. encouragement

B. ability

C. requirement

3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.

1) The generation you ________ isn't just about the year of your birth, but about your cultural experiences.

2) Because this is a serious matter, my speech will ________ the situation analysis.

3) The law is ________ those who support the rapid introduction of new clean technology.

4) She bought a lot of Christmas cards to ________ her friends.

5) Mary _______ gardening ever when she was five years old.

6) Don’t be lazy and it’s your turn to ______ the classroom ______.

4. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1) Generally, it doesn’t matter whether the neighborhood is rich or poor or whether it is in the city, the suburbs, or the countryside. What matters is the interest the neighborhood takes in its school.

2) They want their children to make friends with everyone——children of all races, from all kinds of families, with different talents, and different interests.

Part IV Extensive Reading (II) Text C

Why Do Chinese Children Do So Well at School?

Warwick Mansell

1. These statistics relate to the achievement of pupils of Chinese ethnicity (种族划分), revealed last autumn in a report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission on inequality in Britain. These data showed not only that British Chinese youngsters are the highest performing ethnic group in England at GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education，普通中学教育证书), which has been known for years. It also showed that this group seemed to be singularly (异乎寻常地) successful in achieving that goal of educational policy-makers everywhere: a narrow performance gap between those from the poorest homes, and the rest.

2. The domestic statistics show that, at GCSE, children of Chinese ethnicity who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) perform better than the national average for all pupils, rich and poor.

3. Michael Gove, the education secretary, told his party conference last autumn that the performance of FSM pupils as a whole was a “reproach to our conscience”. So what do Chinese pupils have going (进行状况) for them that other children do not? Only one academic team seems to have looked into British Chinese pupils’ experience in detail in recent years. The team, who interviewed 80 Chinese pupils, 30 Chinese parents and 30 teachers in 2005, identified several factors behind the success, although they stress that not all British Chinese pupils achieve success. One explanation, though, shines through their findings.

4. Becky Francis, a visiting professor at King’s College London and director of education at the Royal Society of Arts, says: “Our main argument is that families of Chinese heritage see taking education seriously as a fundamental pillar of their Chinese identity, and a way of differentiating themselves not just within their own group, but from other ethnic groups as well.”

5. The argument that Chinese families put special value on education is sensitive territory, of course, as most parents would profess a commitment to helping their child do well. Academics also stress that the number of pupils classed as “Chinese” are small——only 2,236 took GCSEs last year, from a total cohort (一群人) of nearly 600,000——and results should be interpreted cautiously.

6. However, there is tentative (实验性的)evidence, both from interviews with parents and from analyses of background values existing in Chinese culture, that family commitment to education is particularly strong.

7. Asked to respond to the question “Is education important?” All 80 pupils agreed. High parental expectations also seem to have been a factor in many——though not all——children’s performance.

8. One pupil is quoted saying: “My parents expect me to get the best grades. And if I don’t, then they’ll continuously nag (唠叨) at me to do better… If I get a B, they’ll be like, ‘Why didn’t you get an A?’ ”

9. A paper presented at last year’s British Educational Research Association conference, covering performance across all ethnic groups, found no link between the occupation of Chinese pupils’ parents and their GCSE scores. This finding was different from children from all other ethnicities.

10. Whether the Chinese experience can be duplicated (复制) among other pupils is debatable. In a country that prizes self-reliance and private solutions for social problem, more young adults are doomed (注定的) to sink. Regardless of where one assigns (分配) blame, when nearly two-thirds of the next generation is struggling to find “a secure foothold in the middle class”, everyone ends up paying the price.

(628 words)

Notes

1. This text is slightly adapted.

2. (Para. 4) Our main argument is that families of Chinese heritage see taking education seriously as a fundamental pillar of their Chinese identity, and a way of differentiating themselves not just within their own group, but from other ethnic groups as well.” 我们的主要结论是华裔家庭重视教育，将其视为中国人身份的基石，也是凸现自己的一种办法。3. (Para. 5) The argument that Chinese families put special value on education is sensitive territory, of course, as most parents would profess a commitment to helping their child do well. 当然，认为中国家庭赋予教育特殊价值的观点很敏感，因为大多数父母都会承诺帮助孩子好好学习。

4. (Para. 10) Regardless of where one assigns blame, when nearly two-thirds of the next generation is struggling to find “a secure foothold in the middle class”, every one ends up paying the price. 不管指责什么，如果近三分之二的下一代要苦苦挣扎以求在“中产阶级中找一点安全立足点”，最终人人都要付出代价。

Part V Further Study

Key Sentences

I’m (very/terribly/awfully) sorry.

Excuse me./Pardon me./Forgive me.

It was stupid of me to think/do that.

It was most careless of me.

I can’t apologize enough.

I’m sorry for being late/losing my temper/hurting your feelings.

I apologize to you for losing my temper.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

I’m sorry it worked out this way.

I’m sorry about what happened yesterday.

I’m sorry. but I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

Forget it. It’s really of no importance.

That’s/It’s quite all right/OK.

It’s nothing.

Think nothing of it.

Don’t worry about it.

Never mind./It doesn’t matter.

It’s not your fault./These things happen.

Choose the answer that best completes each dialogue.

1. - I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.

-_________________________

A. Don’t mention it.

B. Not at all.

C. It doesn’t matter.

D. You are welcome.

2. - I’m sorry for breaking the vase.

-_________________________

A. Never mind.

B. It’s an old vase.

C. I told you to be more careful.

D. Don’t mention it.

3. -I’ll never forgive myself for being so forgetful.

-_________________________

A. Don’t mind.

B. It doesn’t matter.

C. Don’t always think about it.

D. That’s all right.

4. -Oh, sorry to bother you.

-_________________________

A. That’s OK.

B. No, you can’t.

C. That’s good.

D. Oh, I don’t know.

5. - Oh, I’m sorry. But I promise I’ll be careful next time.

-_________________________

A. It’s nothing worry.

B. These things happen all the time.

C. Thank you.

D. There are no questions.

被动语态

1. 主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

1) 若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

The teacher made me leave the classroom.

--> I was made to leave the classroom (by the teacher).

2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。

Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.

2. let的用法

1) 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。

After examining it, they let the insect go.

---> After examination, the insect was let go.

2) 若let后的宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。

The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

--> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

3. 表示“据说”或“相信”的词组

believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand

It is said that… 据说

It is reported that… 据报道

It is believed that… 大家相信

It is hoped that… 大家希望

It is well known that… 众所周知

It is thought that… 大家认为

It is suggested that… 据建议

It is taken for granted that… 被视为当然

It has been decided that… 大家决定

It must be remembered that… 务必记住的是

It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 据说她将在周二动身去武汉。

4. 不用被动语态的情况

1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：

appear,die,disappear,end(vi. 结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silent, lose heart, take place.

After the fire, very little remained in my house.

比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

(错) The price has been risen.

(对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week.

(对) The accident happened last week.

(错) The price has raised.

(对) The price has been raised.

(错) Please seat.

(对) Please be seated.

要正确地使用被动语态，就必须在学习过程中多积累,留意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。

2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

This key just fits the lock.

Your story fits with what we have already been told.

3) 系动词无被动语态：

appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good.

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态：

die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

(对) She likes to swim.

(错) To swim is liked by her.

5. 主动形式表示被动意义

1) wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive等。

The book sells well. 这本书销路好。

This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2) blame, let (出租), remain, keep, rent, build

I was to blame for the accident.

Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式来表示被动。

This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。

This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

6. 被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married

I am determined to carry out this plan。

Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.

1. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when_________.

A. speaking

B. spoken

C. speaking to

D. spoken to

2. An accident _________last night.

A. happened

B. was happened

C. happens

D. is happened

3. The basketball tournament _________ every year.

A. hold

B. are held

C. holds

D. is held

4. If it doesn’t rain within the next few weeks, the flowers will have to be watered if they are_________.

A. to survive

B. to be survived

C. having survived

D. survived

5. Atomic energy (原子能) is now_________ as source of energy.

A. using

B. been used

C. being used

D. having used

6. This kind of fur coat _________ very dear.

A. is sold

B. was sold

C. will be sold

D. sells

7. The work _________ by the time you get there.

A. would have been done

B. will have been done

C. had been done

D. has done

8. I’m afraid your speech_________ well.

A. doesn’t read

B. isn’t read

C. is not reading

D. is read

9. The house the old woman lives in needs _________.

A. be painted

B. painted

C. painting

D. to paint

10. A new big oil field is said _________ in the west of our country.

A. to have found

B. to have been found

C. having found

D. having been found

11. If I _________ enough time, I will complete the task well.

A. give

B. will be given

C. am given

D. will give

12. He _________ fall off the tree.

A. was seen

C. saw

B. saw to

D. was seen to

英译汉首先要掌握四个原则：

一）翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。

二）翻译不能太拘泥，否则很容易因死守原文语言形式而损害了原文的思想内容。

三）能够直译的尽量不意译。

四）翻译的过程应该是先理解后表达。

正确理解原文后，还要通过适当的翻译技巧用规范的汉语表达出来。这些技巧有：

（1）增词法：根据需要增加一些词语，如名词等。

（2）减词法：根据汉语习惯，删去一些词。

（3）肯否表达法：原文为肯定句，译成汉语是为增强修饰效果，可以译为否定句。反之亦然。

（4）变换法：名词译成动词或动词转译成名词等。

最后一定要核对译文是否准确、通顺。

增词法

增词现象主要有下列两种情况：

一、为了句法结构上的完整而增词。

1.原文中省略了动词，在翻译成汉语时要译出。例如：

Reading makes a full man，talking a ready man，writing an exact man.

读书使人充实，谈话使人敏捷，写作使人准确。

2.原文回答中省略的部分，译成汉语时需要增词。例如：

—Which do you like better，green or red？你喜欢哪一种颜色，绿色还是红色？

—Neither.哪一种也不喜欢。（两者都不喜欢。）

3.原句比较中省略的部分，在译成汉语时需要补充出来。例如：

He is more concerned about others than about himself.

他关心别人比关心自己都要多。

二、为了语义方面的完整而增词。常见情况有下列几种：

1.增加量词。英语中的数词可以和可数名词直接连用，而译成汉语时需要借助量词。例如：Father bought a new car.爸爸买了一辆新车。

A red sun is rising from the east.一轮红日正从东方冉冉升起。

2.在不及物动词后面增加名词。例如：

My parents tell me not to borrow from others.我的父母告诉我不要向别人借东西。

3.为了使汉语说起来顺口、连贯，译成汉语时需要增词。例如：

This new type of computer is cheap and useful.

这种新电脑价廉物美。

1. Preparations for the party are almost complete.

2. After the football match, the players all shook hands with one another.

3. Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.

撰写作文的基本步骤

1. 总体规划

针对提供的写作题目，应首先考虑与题目有关的各个方面，随想随记，不必在意先后次序。与此同时，还要想想文章选什么主题为好。作文的主题即其主要观点或中心思想，是列举事实后所得出的结论。主题确定之后，应重新审查列好的清单，删去与主题无关或意义不大的细目，然后把剩下的按逻辑顺序重新排列，写出几个提纲。

2. 撰写提纲

撰写提纲有助于找出文章的主题，集中主题思想并帮助结合主题思想来展开讨论，安排整个文章和每个段落的结构分布，确定每个段落主题的文讲述和说明方式。同时，还能帮助解决可能出现的一些问题。撰写提纲有助于找出整个文章的主题及每个段落主题之间的逻辑关系，这样就可以合理地安排段落之间的过渡方式，使其更有效、更自然，从而使文章能显示出轻重之分，使读者对文章的主要思想和次要表达一目了然。这对作者而言也更容易看出文章的不足之处。作者展开的方式和态度将使事实依据更加完整，不会产生逻辑关系、因果关系上的歧义。有了提纲之后，作者在写作时使用的语句更具有说服力和表达力，段落也将变得更有节奏感，作者才能写出更好的文章。检查验证一个提纲是否能有效地组织文章，可以从平衡性、统一性和完整性这三个方面入手。

常见的提纲有两种：题目式提纲（topic outline）和句子式提纲（sentence outline）。题目式提纲由名词及其修饰语组成，或是由与名词作用相当的动名词短语、动词不定式短语组成；句子式提纲则由完整的句子组成。题目式提纲简单明了，读者对全文内容一目了然。句子式提纲提供的是对文章较详细的提要。

标题提纲是最常用的一类提纲。根据其重要性，作者把粗略提纲中的随意观点转变成标题提纲和副标题。需要注意的是，在转变的过程中，要严格注意并列关系和从属关系的灵活使用以及词与词之间、短语与短语之间、从句与从句之间的对称结构的逻辑性。

在句子提纲中，主标题和副标题都是一个完整的句子。特别写长篇作文的时候，这种提纲显得十分重要，因为句子需要全面地考虑文章的几个主要部分及其之间的逻辑关系。实际上，一个全面的句子提纲是草拟文章前的最后一个组织步骤。

提纲可以按照以下三种方式来组织：按时间顺序，即根据事件发展的时间先后顺序来安排；按地点和情景，即根据事物出现的空间或与之相关的确切位置来组织安排材料；按思想观点或者分析思路，即把观点分成相关的部分，使每部分都有扩展的方式。

3. 写初稿

即使提纲写得很满意，正式写文章时也未必能一帆风顺，所以写初稿是很有必要的。初稿不要写得太密，行与行之间要保留出间隙来以便将来修改润色时使用。写初稿时不必担心写作内容脱离或超越了提纲，这是常有的事。不过，如果发现原有的提纲完全不合意，最好立即修改或重写提纲。

4. 修订初稿

修改作文时应该记住：修改绝不仅限于纠正语法、拼写、标点符号和其他技术性错误，而应从大处着手。首先要审查的应该是文章的内容。文章是否吸引人，主要看其中是否有精辟的观点和有趣的细节。但这远远不够，内容安排是否得当也很重要。层次清楚、叙述有条理的文章可以更有效地表达作者的写作意图。审查完前两项以后，就该考虑文章的语言了。正确、通顺的语言有助于读者理解文章的内容，流畅的文字还可以给文章增色。

5. 眷定初稿

作者在认真修改初稿后，应反复阅读，并集中注意力寻找词法和句法方面的错误，注意句与句、段与段的连接是否流畅自然。最后，按要求眷定初稿。

例如：

The Learning of English

I. Many people from all over the world take an interest in English

II. Reasons for taking an interest in English

A. to understand a different culture

B. to have economic and cultural exchange

III. Prospects of English learning

A. to get a global outlook

B. to obtain more competency

Complete the following outline:

I. More and more people prefer to shopping online.

II. _______________________________________

A. ____________________________________

B. ____________________________________

III. ______________________________________

A. ____________________________________

B. ____________________________________

C. ____________________________________